The British Preschool Children's Play Survey: When, Where, and How Adventurously Do British Preschool-Aged Children Play?

Background: Outdoor, adventurous play supports physical activity and might help to prevent mental health problems, yet data on preschool-aged children's outdoor play are scarce.

Method: Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 1166 parents/caregivers of children aged 2-4 years (52% male; 88% white) living in Britain. Caregivers reported time children spent playing in 7 locations and corresponding adventure level.

The effect of social anxiety on threat acquisition and extinction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although exposure-based therapy has been found to be effective at alleviating symptoms of social anxiety disorder, it often does not lead to full remission, and relapse after treatment is common. Exposure therapy is based on theoretical principles of extinction of conditioned fear responses. However, there are inconsistencies in findings across experiments that have investigated the effect of social anxiety on threat conditioning and extinction processes.

Uncertain world: How children's curiosity and intolerance of uncertainty relate to their behaviour and emotion under uncertainty.

Curiosity and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are both thought to drive information seeking but may have different affective profiles; curiosity is often associated with positive affective responses to uncertainty and improved learning outcomes, whereas IU is associated with negative affective responses and anxiety. Curiosity and IU have not previously been examined together in children but may both play an important role in understanding how children respond to uncertainty. Our research aimed to examine how individual differences in parent-reported curiosity and IU were associated with behavioural and emotional responses to uncertainty.

Gender Differences in Caregivers' Attitudes to Risky Child Play in Britain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: This study examines gender differences in parental attitudes toward risky play for 5- to 11-year-old boys and girls in Britain.

Methods: Analyses use data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative British Child Play Survey. Survey respondents were caregivers of primary-school-aged children living in Britain.

The Power of Three: Nanomaterials for Natural Killer (NK) Cell Immunoengineering Maximize Their Potency if They Exploit Multireceptor Stimulation.

Many emerging cancer treatments are immunotherapies that modulate Natural Killer- (NK) or T cell activation, posing a challenge to develop immunoengineering nanomaterials that improve on the performance of molecular reagents. In physiological activation, multiple immunoreceptors signal in consort; however, current biomaterials do not replicate this. Here, NK cells are created for the first time, activating bionanomaterials that stimulate >2 immunoreceptors.

More play and fewer screens: a way to improve preschoolers' mental health? Cross-sectional findings from the British Preschool-children's Play Survey.

Background: Children increasingly engage in more screentime and less play. Concurrently, 10% of UK children now have a diagnosable mental health condition. Adventurous play (ie, thrilling and exciting play, likely inducing fear or uncertainty) might prevent mental health problems but is unexplored in preschoolers.

Changes in UK pre-schooler's mental health symptoms over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from Co-SPYCE study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption to the lives of children and their families. Pre-school children may have been particularly vulnerable to the effects of the pandemic, with the closure of childcare facilities, playgrounds, playcentres and parent and toddler groups limiting their opportunities for social interaction at a crucial stage of development. Additionally, for parents working from home, caring for pre-school aged children who require high levels of support and care, was likely challenging.

Speciation across the Earth driven by global cooling in terrestrial orchids.

Although climate change has been implicated as a major catalyst of diversification, its effects are thought to be inconsistent and much less pervasive than localized climate or the accumulation of species with time. Focused analyses of highly speciose clades are needed in order to disentangle the consequences of climate change, geography, and time. Here, we show that global cooling shapes the biodiversity of terrestrial orchids.

Intolerance of uncertainty heightens negative emotional states and dampens positive emotional states.

Individuals high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to view uncertainty as unbearable and stressful. Notably, IU is transdiagnostic, and high levels of IU are observed across many different emotional disorders (e.g.

Adventurous play for a healthy childhood: Facilitators and barriers identified by parents in Britain.

Rationale: Adventurous play, where children take age-appropriate risks involving uncertainty, fear, and thrill, is positively associated with children's physical health, mental health, and development. There is growing concern that children's access to and engagement with adventurous play opportunities are declining in Westernised countries, which may have negative implications for children's health.

Objective: The current study aimed to ascertain the facilitators of and barriers to children's adventurous play most identified by parents in Britain and to determine whether these differ across socio-demographic and geographic groups.

Behavioural inhibition and early neural processing of happy and angry faces interact to predict anxiety: a longitudinal ERP study.

Limited prospective research has examined whether attention biases to emotion moderate associations between Behavioural Inhibition (BI) and anxiety in preschool-aged children. Furthermore, there has been an over-reliance on behavioral measures in previous studies. Accordingly, we assessed anxiety in a sample of preschool-aged children (3-4 years) at baseline, and again approximately 6 and 11 months later, after they started school.

Minimising Young Children's Anxiety through Schools (MY-CATS): statistical analysis plan for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an online parent-led intervention compared with usual school practice for young children identified as at risk for anxiety disorders.

Background: The Minimising Young Children's Anxiety through Schools (MY-CATS) trial is being conducted to determine whether an online evidence-based parent-guided cognitive behavioural therapy intervention in addition to usual school practice is effective and cost-effective compared with usual school practice in reducing anxiety disorders in children aged 4-7 deemed 'at risk' of anxiety disorders. This update article describes the detailed statistical analysis plan for the MY-CATS trial and reports a review of the underpinning sample size assumptions.

Methods And Design: The MY-CATS study is a two-arm, definitive superiority pragmatic parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial in which schools will be randomised 1:1 to receive either the intervention (in addition to usual school practice) or the usual school practice only.

Controlling feeding practices moderate the relationship between emotionality and food fussiness in young children.

Emotional child temperament has consistently been found to be related to food fussiness. One factor that may exacerbate or reduce the risk conferred by children's emotionality is parent feeding practices during mealtimes. Specifically, the use of controlling feeding practices aimed at increasing food consumption may particularly affect children with an emotional temperament.

Now you see it, now you don't: Relevance of threat enhances social anxiety-linked attentional bias to angry faces, but relevance of neutral information attenuates it.

Temporary goals modulate attention to threat. We examined whether attentional bias to angry faces differs depending on whether a temporary background goal is neutral, or threat related, whilst also measuring social anxiety. Participants performed a dot probe task combined with a separate task that induced a temporary goal.

Correction: Dodd et al. Children's Play and Independent Mobility in 2020: Results from the British Children's Play Survey. 2021, , 4334.

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Improving usability of Electronic Health Records in a UK Mental Health setting: a feasibility study.

Background: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) can help clinicians to plan, document and deliver care for patients in healthcare services. When used consistently, EHRs can advance patient safety and quality, and reduce clinician's workload. However, usability problems can make it difficult for clinicians to use EHRs effectively, which can negatively impact both healthcare professionals and patients.

Child's Play: Examining the Association Between Time Spent Playing and Child Mental Health.

It is theorised that adventurous play offers learning opportunities that help to prevent mental health problems in children. In this study, data from two samples is used to examine associations between the time that children aged 5-11 years spent playing adventurously and their mental health. For comparison, time spent playing unadventurously and time spent playing outdoors are also examined.

The efficacy of interventions for behaviourally inhibited preschool-aged children: A meta-analysis.

The current systematic review and meta-analyses examined the efficacy of psychological interventions targeting behavioural inhibition and anxiety in preschool-aged children, evaluated within randomised controlled trials. Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched from inception to March 2021. Ten studies (N = 1475 children, aged 3 - 7 years) were included in the current review.

Parent perceived barriers and facilitators of children's adventurous play in Britain: a framework analysis.

Background: From a public health perspective there is growing interest in children's play, including play involving risk and adventure, in relation to children's physical and mental health. Regarding mental health, it is theorised that adventurous play, where children experience thrilling, exciting emotions, offers important learning opportunities that prepare children for dealing with uncertainty and help prevent anxiety. Despite these benefits, adventurous play has decreased substantially within a generation.

Uncertainty Makes Me Emotional: Uncertainty as an Elicitor and Modulator of Emotional States.

Uncertainty and emotion are an inevitable part of everyday life and play a vital role in mental health. Yet, our understanding of how uncertainty and emotion interact is limited. Here, an online survey was conducted ( = 231) to examine whether uncertainty evokes and modulates a range of negative and positive emotions.

Minimising young children's anxiety through schools (MY-CATS): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an online parent-led intervention compared with usual school practice for young children identified as at risk for anxiety disorders.

Background: Identifying and supporting young children who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders would benefit children, families, and wider society. Elevated anxiety symptoms, inhibited temperament, and high parental anxiety are established risk factors for later anxiety disorders, but it remains unclear who is most likely to benefit from prevention and early intervention programmes. Delivering an online intervention through schools to parents of young children who have one or more of these risks could maximise reach.

Remote worker communication during COVID-19: The role of quantity, quality, and supervisor expectation-setting.

Given the huge increase in remote work that has accompanied the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, understanding predictors of performance and wellbeing among remote workers has never been more timely. Effective communication is commonly cited as key to remote worker success, yet communication variables are rarely incorporated into remote work research. In the present study, we examined the relationship between communication frequency, communication quality, and supervisor-set communication expectations with daily job performance and burnout in an occupationally-diverse sample of employees.