The evolution of psychotherapy: from Freud to prescription digital therapeutics.

The evolution of psychotherapeutic treatments from Freud to digitally administered evidence-based treatments reflects a history of progressive advance. This history is characterized by identification of problems with the current state of the art, followed by solutions inspired and supported by advances in basic science and technology leading to subsequent recognition of other limitations revealed by the new advance. The common thread running through this process is (a) increasing specificity of the psychotherapeutic interventions, (b) increasing evidence of efficacy and safety, (c) increasing integrity and reliability in the delivery of the intervention, (d) increased equality of access, and (e) recognition of the need for regulation to provide protection for the public from unsafe or ineffective products.

Diagnostic yield from symptomatic gastroscopy in the UK: British Society of Gastroenterology analysis using data from the National Endoscopy Database.

Objective: This national analysis aimed to calculate the diagnostic yield from gastroscopy for common symptoms, guiding improved resource utilisation.

Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted of diagnostic gastroscopies between 1 March 2019 and 29 February 2020 using the UK National Endoscopy Database. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were used, incorporating random (endoscopist) and fixed (symptoms, age and sex) effects on two dependent variables (endoscopic cancer; Barrett's oesophagus (BO) diagnosis).

Diagnostic yield from symptomatic lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in the UK: A British Society of Gastroenterology analysis using data from the National Endoscopy Database.

Background: The value of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy (LGIE; colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) relates to its ability to detect clinically relevant findings, predominantly cancers, preneoplastic polyps or inflammatory bowel disease. There are concerns that many LGIEs are performed on low-risk patients with limited benefit.

Aims: To determine the diagnostic outcomes of LGIE for common symptoms.

An air- and moisture-stable ruthenium precatalyst for diverse reactivity.

Versatile, efficient and robust (pre)catalysts are pivotal in accelerating the discovery and optimization of chemical reactions, shaping diverse synthetic fields such as cross-coupling, C-H functionalization and polymer chemistry. Yet, their scarcity in certain domains has hindered the advancement and adoption of new applications. Here we present a highly reactive air- and moisture-stable ruthenium precatalyst [(BuCN)Ru(HO)](BF), featuring a key exchangeable water ligand.

Designing mHealth Apps to Incorporate Evidence-Based Techniques for Prolonging User Engagement.

Maintaining user engagement with mobile health (mHealth) apps can be a challenge. Previously, we developed a conceptual model to optimize patient engagement in mHealth apps by incorporating multiple evidence-based methods, including increasing health literacy, enhancing technical competence, and improving feelings about participation in clinical trials. This viewpoint aims to report on a series of exploratory mini-experiments demonstrating the feasibility of testing our previously published engagement conceptual model.

Effects of RS17053 on α -adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens and aorta.

Background: RS17053 is classed as an α -adrenoceptor selective antagonist.

Objectives: We have examined its profile of action at all subtypes of α -adrenoceptor.

Methods: Noradrenaline (NA) evoked contractions of rat vas deferens involve α -adrenoceptors in phasic contractions and α -adrenoceptors in tonic contractions.

Involvement of α-adrenoceptors and Rho kinase in contractions of rat aorta and mouse spleen.

α-adrenoceptors link via the G-protein Gq/G to both Ca entry and release from stores, but may also activate Rho kinase, which causes calcium sensitization. This study aimed to identify the subtype(s) of α-adrenoceptor involved in Rho kinase-mediated responses in both rat aorta and mouse spleen, tissues in which contractions involve multiple subtypes of α-adrenoceptor. Tissues were contracted with cumulative concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) in 0.

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation for the Formation of C-C Bonds in Complex Molecules.

Site-predictable and chemoselective C-H bond functionalization reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies for the step-economic diversification of both feedstock and fine chemicals. Many transition-metal-catalyzed methods have emerged for the selective activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. However, challenges of regio- and chemoselectivity have emerged with application to highly complex molecules bearing significant functional group density and diversity.

UK endoscopy workload and workforce patterns: is there potential to increase capacity? A BSG analysis of the National Endoscopy Database.

Background: The lack of comprehensive national data on endoscopy activity and workforce hampers strategic planning. The National Endoscopy Database (NED) provides a unique opportunity to address this in the UK. We evaluated NED to inform service planning, exploring opportunities to expand capacity to meet service demands.

Preliminary Effects of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine on Reactive Oxygen Species in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Context Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and causes many clinical manifestations including bradykinesia, tremor, postural instability, and musculoskeletal stiffness. Neurodegeneration is commonly associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has not been measured in PD in relation to the manual techniques used in Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT).

Guidance for the use and reporting of anaesthetic agents in BJP manuscripts involving work with animals.

Scientists who plan to publish in the British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) should read this article before undertaking studies utilising anaesthetics in mammalian animals. This editorial identifies certain gaps in the reporting of details on the use of anaesthetics in animal research studies published in the BJP. The editorial also provides guidance, based upon current best practices, for performing in vivo experiments that require anaesthesia.

A New Approach to Enhancing Engagement in eHealth Apps.

This viewpoint presents a 3-phase conceptual model of the process of user engagement with eHealth apps. We also describe how knowledge gleaned from psychosocial, behavioral, and cognitive science can be incorporated into this model to enhance user engagement with an eHealth app in each phase of the engagement process.

Iron-catalysed alkene and heteroarene H/D exchange by reversible protonation of iron-hydride intermediates.

C-H functionalisation reactions offer a sustainable method for molecular construction and diversification. These reactions however remain dominated by precious metal catalysis. While significant interest in iron-catalysed C-H activation reactions has emerged, the isolation, characterisation and mechanistic understanding of these processes remain lacking.

A colorectal cancer missed by colon capsule endoscopy: a case report.

Background: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is a non-invasive alternative to colonoscopy. The reported sensitivity and specificity of CCE for the detection of clinically significant colonic neoplasia is high. To date, there have been no reported cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) missed by CCE which were located in segments adequately visualised by the capsule.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Enhanced Recovery for Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery.

Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and high length of stay (LOS). Enhanced recovery is now commonplace and has been shown to decrease these in other non-vascular surgery settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the benefits of enhanced recovery (ERAS) in aortic surgery.

The Effect of Pedal Pump Lymphatic Technique Versus Passive Recovery Following Maximal Exercise: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial.

Context: Muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) can occur following intense exercise. Various modalities have been studied to improve blood lactate accumulation, which is a primary reason for DOMS. It has been well established that active recovery facilitates blood lactate removal more rapidly that passive recovery due to the pumping action of the muscle.

Roles for α-adrenoceptors during contractions by electrical field stimulation in mouse vas deferens.

We have investigated the relative roles of α-adrenoceptors and purinoceptors in contractions to low and high frequency stimulation of the mouse vas deferens, in terms of the time course of responses. In separate experiments, isometric contractile responses were obtained to 10 pulses at 1 Hz and 40 pulses at 10 Hz. Responses to 1 Hz stimulation consisted of a series of discrete peaks.

Pharmacology of Drugs Used as Stimulants.

Psychostimulant, cardiovascular, and temperature actions of stimulants involve adrenergic (norepinephrine), dopaminergic (dopamine), and serotonergic (serotonin) pathways. Stimulants such as amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or mephedrone can act on the neuronal membrane monoamine transporters NET, DAT, and SERT and/or the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 to inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitter or cause release by reverse transport. Stimulants may have additional effects involving pre- and postsynaptic/junctional receptors for norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin and other receptors.

Interaction between α - and other α - and α -adrenoceptors in producing contractions of mouse spleen.

We have investigated the interaction of α - and α -adrenoceptor subtypes in producing isometric contractions to NA in mouse whole spleen. The α -adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10  M) or the α -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (10  M) alone produced only small shifts in NA potency in wild type (WT) mice, but the combination produced a large shift in NA potency. In spleen from α -KO mice, the effects of prazosin and the combination of prazosin and yohimbine were similar to their effects in WT mice.

Hepatic infarction, hematoma, and rupture in HELLP syndrome: support for a vasospastic hypothesis.

: HELLP syndrome is a relatively uncommon pregnancy-related condition characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets. It can be accompanied by life-threatening hepatic complications including hepatic infarction, hematoma formation, and hepatic rupture. HELLP syndrome occurs in approximately 0.

Joint ACPGBI and The Duke's Club statement on colonoscopy training.

Colorectal surgeons across the UK currently undertake a large proportion of routine diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy in most NHS Trusts [1]. Meanwhile, the new UK General Surgical curriculum now includes an indicative requirement of 200 diagnostic colonoscopies for surgical trainees who have declared a colorectal subspecialty interest (hereafter termed 'colorectal trainees'), indicating the JCST's (Joint Committee on Surgical Training) commitment to colonoscopy training. However, several studies have reported a marked deficiency in colonoscopy training opportunities and accreditation for surgical trainees compared with gastroenterology trainees [2-4].

Involvement of G proteins and Rho kinase in α-adrenoceptor mediated contractions of the rat portal vein.

Contractions of the rat portal vein in response to the α-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine consist of phasic contractions at low concentrations, with tonic contractions superimposed at higher concentrations. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY7378 (7.0, -log M) did not affect phasic or tonic contractions to phenylephrine.