Advanced technique of myocardial no-reflow quantification using indocyanine green.

The post-ischemic no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is observed in more than half of subjects and is defined as the absence or marked slowing of distal coronary blood flow despite removal of the arterial occlusion. To visualize no-reflow in experimental studies, the fluorescent dye thioflavin S (ThS) is often used, which allows for the estimation of the size of microvascular obstruction by staining the endothelial lining of vessels. Based on the ability of indocyanine green (ICG) to be retained in tissues with increased vascular permeability, we proposed the possibility of using it to assess not only the severity of microvascular obstruction but also the degree of vascular permeability in the zone of myocardial infarction.

Ultra-High-Resolution Electrocardiography Enables Earlier Detection of Transmural and Subendocardial Myocardial Ischemia Compared to Conventional Electrocardiography.

The sensitivity of exercise ECG is marginally sufficient for the detection of mild reduction of coronary blood flow in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. Here, we describe the application of a new technique of ECG registration/analysis-ultra-high-resolution ECG (UHR ECG)-for early detection of myocardial ischemia (MIS). The utility of UHR ECG vs.

Effect of sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and ileal transposition on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in non-obese non-diabetic rats.

Bariatric surgery (BS) improves outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Here we tested the hypothesis that BS-mediated reduction in fatal MI could be attributed to its infarct-limiting effect. Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: control (CON), sham (SHAM), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and ileotransposition (IT).

Intracellular Development of Resident Cardiac Stem Cells: An Overlooked Phenomenon in Myocardial Self-Renewal and Regeneration.

At present, the approaches aimed at increasing myocardial regeneration after infarction are not available. The key question is the identity of cells capable of producing functional cardiac myocytes (CMs), replenishing those lost during ischemia. With identification of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs), it has been supposed that this cell population may be crucial for myocardial self-renewal and regeneration.

Effects of three types of bariatric interventions on myocardial infarct size and vascular function in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: The effects of three types of bariatric interventions on myocardial infarct size were tested in the rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also evaluated the effects of bariatric surgery on no-reflow phenomenon and vascular dysfunction caused by T2DM.

Main Methods: Rats with T2DM were assigned into groups: without surgery, sham-operated, ileal transposition, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and sleeve gastrectomy.

Neurohumoral, cardiac and inflammatory markers in the evaluation of heart failure severity and progression.

Heart failure is common in adult population, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main risk factors for heart failure are coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary diseases, family history of cardiovascular diseases, cardiotoxic therapy. The main factor associated with poor outcome of these patients is constant progression of heart failure.

Biological Safety and Biodistribution of Chitosan Nanoparticles.

The effect of unmodified chitosan nanoparticles with a size of ~100 nm and a weakly positive charge on blood coagulation, metabolic activity of cultured cardiomyocytes, general toxicity, biodistribution, and reactive changes in rat organs in response to their single intravenous administration at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg was studied. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have a small cytotoxic effect and have a weak antiplatelet and anticoagulant effect. Intravenous administration of CNPs does not cause significant hemodynamic changes, and 30 min after the CNPs administration, they mainly accumulate in the liver and lungs, without causing hemolysis and leukocytosis.

Cardiomyocyte-Specific Prevents Inflammation in the Heart.

Background The SNRK (sucrose-nonfermenting-related kinase) enzyme is critical for cardiac function. However, the underlying cause for heart failure observed in cardiac conditional knockout mouse is unknown. Methods and Results Previously, 6-month adult mice knocked out for in cardiomyocytes (CMs) displayed left ventricular dysfunction.

Synthesis of N-succinyl- and N-glutaryl-chitosan derivatives and their antioxidant, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant activity.

The effects of temperature, reactant ratio, pH, and reaction time were studied on the polymers formed by the reactions of succinic and glutaric anhydrides with chitosan under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. As a result, protocols were developed for the synthesis of succinyl- and glutaryl-chitosan derivatives (SC and GC, respectively) with a specific degree of substitution. The polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional NMR techniques, that confirms N-substitution of chitosan under reaction conditions used.

visualization and quantification of experimental myocardial infarction by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging.

The fluorophore indocyanine green accumulates in areas of ischemia-reperfusion injury due to an increase in vascular permeability and extravasation of the dye. The aim of the study was to validate an indocyanine green-based technique of in vivo visualization of myocardial infarction. A further aim was to quantify infarct size ex vivo and compare this technique with the standard triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.

Remote vs. local ischaemic preconditioning in the rat heart: infarct limitation, suppression of ischaemic arrhythmia and the role of reactive oxygen species.

The unmet clinical need for myocardial salvage during ischaemia-reperfusion injury requires the development of new techniques for myocardial protection. In this study the protective effect of different local ischaemic preconditioning (LIPC) and remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) protocols was compared in the rat model of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion, using infarct size and ischaemic tachyarrhythmias as end-points. In addition, the hypothesis that there is involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the protective signalling by RIPC was tested, again in comparison with LIPC.

Silicon-containing nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery: synthesis, physicochemical properties and acute toxicity.

Silicon-containing nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising drug carriers for targeted drug delivery. In this study, we investigated the physical and chemical properties of silicon-containing NPs, including silica and organomodified silica NPs (SiO2NPs and OrSiO2NPs, respectively), with different surface modifications, with the aim of increasing drug-loading efficiency. In addition, we described the original synthesis methods of different sizes of OrSiO2NPs, as well as new hybrid OrSiO2NPs with a silica core (SiO2 + OrSiO2NPs).

Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition by SCH79797 attenuates left ventricular remodeling and profibrotic activities of cardiac fibroblasts.

Purpose: Fibroblast activity promotes adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling that underlies the development of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent stimulus for fibrosis, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK) 1/2 pathway also contributes to the fibrotic response. The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), has been shown to play an important role in the excessive fibrosis in different tissues.

L-theanine administration results in neuroprotection and prevents glutamate receptor agonist-mediated injury in the rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

While the neuroprotective effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) might be explained by the presence of amino acid L-theanine in the tea leaves, it is not known whether postischemic administration of L-theanine could also provide neuroprotection. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of L-theanine (1 and 4 mg/kg) administered at 3, 12, and 24 h after reperfusion in the rat model of stroke. We also studied the effect of L-theanine on brain injury caused by exogenous administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate/kainate receptor agonists during reperfusion.

cPLA2 is protective against COX inhibitor-induced intestinal damage.

Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the generation of prostaglandins (PGs), which are bioactive lipids that play critical roles in maintaining gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. There has been a long-standing association between administration of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and GI toxicity. GI injury is thought to be induced by suppressed production of GI-protective PGs as well as direct injury to enterocytes.

Targeted drug delivery into reversibly injured myocardium with silica nanoparticles: surface functionalization, natural biodistribution, and acute toxicity.

The clinical outcome of patients with ischemic heart disease can be significantly improved with the implementation of targeted drug delivery into the ischemic myocardium. In this paper, we present our original findings relevant to the problem of therapeutic heart targeting with use of nanoparticles. Experimental approaches included fabrication of carbon and silica nanoparticles, their characterization and surface modification.

Role of P2X purinergic receptors in the rescue of ischemic heart failure.

Evidence is accumulating to support the presence of P2X purinergic receptors in the heart. However, the biological role of this receptor remains to be defined. The objectives here were to determine the role of cardiac P2X receptors in modulating the progression of post-myocardial infarction ischemic heart failure and to investigate the underlying mechanism.

P2X purinergic receptor-mediated ionic current in cardiac myocytes of calsequestrin model of cardiomyopathy: implications for the treatment of heart failure.

P2X purinergic receptors, activated by extracellular ATP, mediate a number of cardiac cellular effects and may be important under pathophysiological conditions. The objective of the present study was to characterize the P2X receptor-mediated ionic current and determine its role in heart failure using the calsequestrin (CSQ) model of cardiomyopathy. Membrane currents under voltage clamp were determined in myocytes from both wild-type (WT) and CSQ mice.

Semi-rational design of (north)-methanocarba nucleosides as dual acting A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptor agonists: novel prototypes for cardioprotection.

Ring-constrained adenosine analogues have been designed to act as dual agonists at tissue-protective A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs). 9-Ribosides transformed into the ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba-2-chloro-5'-uronamides consistently lost affinity at A(1)/A(2A)ARs and gained at A(3)AR. Among 9-riboside derivatives, only N(6)-cyclopentyl and 7-norbornyl moieties were extrapolated for mixed A(1)/A(3) selectivity and rat/human A(3)AR equipotency.