The effects of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alone and in combination, in the maximal electroshock seizure model.

In the present study, cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and combinations of CBD and THC, were evaluated in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES) seizure test - an animal model of generalized-onset seizures. Male CF-1 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.

Antiseizure effects of the cannabinoids in the amygdala-kindling model.

Objective: Focal impaired awareness seizures (FIASs) are the most common seizure type in adults and are often refractory to medication. Management of FIASs is clinically challenging, and new interventions are needed for better seizure control. The amygdala-kindling model is a preclinical model of FIASs with secondary generalization.

Overcoming antigenic diversity by enhancing the immunogenicity of conserved epitopes on the malaria vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen-1.

Malaria vaccine candidate Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA1) induces protection, but only against parasite strains that are closely related to the vaccine. Overcoming the AMA1 diversity problem will require an understanding of the structural basis of cross-strain invasion inhibition. A vaccine containing four diverse allelic proteins 3D7, FVO, HB3 and W2mef (AMA1 Quadvax or QV) elicited polyclonal rabbit antibodies that similarly inhibited the invasion of four vaccine and 22 non-vaccine strains of P.

Alanine mutagenesis of the primary antigenic escape residue cluster, c1, of apical membrane antigen 1.

Antibodies against apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) inhibit invasion of Plasmodium merozoites into red cells, and a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms on AMA1 allow the parasite to escape inhibitory antibodies. The availability of a crystal structure makes it possible to test protein engineering strategies to develop a monovalent broadly reactive vaccine. Previously, we showed that a linear stretch of polymorphic residues (amino acids 187 to 207), localized within the C1 cluster on domain 1, conferred the highest level of escape from inhibitory antibodies, and these were termed antigenic escape residues (AER).

Risk factors for mental disorder hospitalization after the Persian Gulf War: U.S. Armed Forces, June 1, 1991-September 30, 1993.

Effects of Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990-July 31, 1991) and Gulf War occupation on post-War hospitalization risk were evaluated through Cox proportional hazards modeling. Active-duty men (n = 1,775,236) and women (n = 209,760) in the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps had 30,539 initial postwar hospitalizations for mental disorders between June 1, 1991 and September 30, 1993. Principal diagnoses in the Defense Manpower Data Center hospitalization database were grouped into 10 categories of ICD-9-CM codes.

Effects of maternal work activity during pregnancy on infant malformations.

This article examines the association between two birth defects, neural tube defects and oral cleft defects, and maternal physical work demands during the periconceptional period. A case-control study was conducted by comparing exposure characteristics of mothers of malformed infants, as ascertained from the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry (n = 520), with mothers of non-malformed infants (n = 1154). Case groups were further subdivided on whether infants had additional defects.

Maternal caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion: a prospective cohort study.

We investigated the relation between caffeine beverage consumption and spontaneous abortion in 2,967 pregnant women planning to deliver at Yale-New Haven Hospital in 1988-1992. We evaluated coffee, tea, and soda drinking in the first month of pregnancy in interviews before the end of the sixteenth week of gestation. We obtained information on 98.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields during pregnancy with emphasis on electrically heated beds: association with birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation.

Several animal and human studies indicate that fetal growth may be retarded following exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). We conducted a prospective study (N = 2,967) to evaluate the relation of birthweight and fetal growth retardation with use of electrically heated beds (electric blankets and heated water beds) during pregnancy. A "nested" study design allowed monitoring of exposure at different stages of pregnancy using both direct and indirect methods.

Human exposure to magnetic fields: a comparative assessment of two dosimeters.

Two types of dosimeters for measuring human exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields were compared. Fifty adults wore the single-axis, wrist model AMEX (average magnetic field exposure system) and the triple axis, hip-pocket or pouch model AMEX-3D meters for 2 days. Ninety-six percent of the tests were accomplished without apparent dosimeter failure.

Comparison of mother's occupation and industry from the birth certificate and a self-administered questionnaire.

Maternal occupations recorded on birth certificates are a potential data source for evaluation of reproductive hazards, but may not accurately identify jobs held during the sensitive first trimester. Mothers' occupation and industry during 1 month before and 3 months after conception were reported on 1,760 mailed questionnaires. These were compared to mothers' most recent occupation and industry recorded on birth certificates.

Congenital defects and electric bed heating in New York State: a register-based case-control study.

Exposure to 60-cycle electromagnetic fields has been hypothesized to be a cause of childhood cancer and congenital defects. Because electric bed heaters are a major source of variation in electromagnetic field exposure in the population, the authors conducted a case-control study in 1988-1989 to examine the relations between congenital defects and the use of electric blankets and heated waterbeds. Cases were identified by the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry as babies with cleft palate (n = 121), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (n = 197), born in 1983-1984, and anencephalus and spina bifida (n = 224), born in 1983-1986, all to upstate New York residents.

Ambient 60-Hz magnetic flux density in an urban neighborhood.

A residential neighborhood in Buffalo, NY, was surveyed with a magnetic field meter to evaluate whether or not spot measurements are reliable predictors of the 60-Hz fields at street corners and residences. The results of repeated measurements over 7 days at 33 street corners in this neighborhood indicate that day-to-day variation in power line magnetic fields is negligible (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94).

Relationships between laterality of congenital upper limb reduction defects and school performance.

Eighty children (34 males, 46 females) with congenital upper limb reduction defects who attended a regional amputee clinic between 1956 and 1986 were classified as to whether they exhibited learning difficulties in school, as indicated by grade failure or by placement in learning disability classrooms. Children with right-sided defects were more likely to encounter learning difficulties than were children with left-sided defects (Chi-square = 6.8; df = 1; p less than 0.