Do NO, NO, N and CO fluxes differ in soils sourced from cropland and varying riparian buffer vegetation? An incubation study.

Riparian buffers are expedient interventions for water quality functions in agricultural landscapes. However, the choice of vegetation and management affects soil microbial communities, which in turn affect nutrient cycling and the production and emission of gases such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (NO), nitrogen gas (N) and carbon dioxide (CO). To investigate the potential fluxes of the above-mentioned gases, soil samples were collected from a cropland and downslope grass, willow and woodland riparian buffers from a replicated plot scale experimental facility.

Soil CO emissions in cropland with fodder maize ( L.) with and without riparian buffer strips of differing vegetation.

Vegetated land areas play a significant role in determining the fate of carbon (C) in the global C cycle. Riparian buffer vegetation is primarily implemented for water quality purposes as they attenuate pollutants from immediately adjacent croplands before reaching freashwater systems. However, their prevailing conditions may sometimes promote the production and subsequent emissions of soil carbon dioxide (CO).

Soil NO and CH emissions from fodder maize production with and without riparian buffer strips of differing vegetation.

Purpose: Nitrous oxide (NO) and methane (CH) are some of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the 21st century. Vegetated riparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in agricultural landscapes allows them to intercept and process pollutants from adjacent agricultural land.

The Concept of Folic Acid in Health and Disease.

Folates have a pterine core structure and high metabolic activity due to their ability to accept electrons and react with O-, S-, N-, C-bounds. Folates play a role as cofactors in essential one-carbon pathways donating methyl-groups to choline phospholipids, creatine, epinephrine, DNA. Compounds similar to folates are ubiquitous and have been found in different animals, plants, and microorganisms.

Morbidity and mortality according to latest CD4+ cell count among HIV positive individuals in South Africa who enrolled in project Phidisa.

Background: Short-term morbidity and mortality rates for HIV positive soldiers in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) would inform decisions about deployment and HIV disease management. Risks were determined according to the latest CD4+ cell count and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV positive individuals in the SANDF and their dependents.

Methods And Findings: A total of 7,114 participants were enrolled and followed for mortality over a median of 4.

Genotypic resistance at viral rebound among patients who received lopinavir/ritonavir-based or efavirenz-based first antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-drug resistance mutations (DRM) are increasingly reported in Africans failing their first antiretroviral regimen. The Phidisa II trial randomized treatment-naive participants to lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz with stavudine + lamivudine or zidovudine + didanosine. We report the prevalence of DRM in subjects who achieved HIV RNA <400 copies per milliliter at 6 months, but subsequently had 2 consecutive HIV RNA >1000 copies per milliliter.

Lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia in a randomized trial of first-line therapy in HIV-infected adults in South Africa.

Background: Lactic acidosis (LA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Few randomized prospective studies have compared LA between different ARV regimens.

Methods: Characterization of cases of LA (serum lactate >5 mmol/l and arterial pH<7.

Lack of effect from a previous single dose of nevirapine on virologic and immunologic responses after 6 months of antiretroviral regimens containing either efavirenz or lopinavir-ritonavir.

Study Objective: To evaluate the effect of a previous single dose of nevirapine given to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on virologic and immunologic measures after months of an antiretroviral regimen containing either efavirenz or lopinavir-ritonavir.

Design: Retrospective subgroup analysis of data from the Phidisa II trial.

Setting: Six South African research clinics.