Pleiotrophin serum level and metastasis occurrence in breast cancer patients.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) cases in Makassar, Indonesia, are on the rise, with 2723 cases recorded in 2018. Tumor cells in the blood indicate metastasis, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and monitoring. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is associated with various human malignancies, and recent studies suggest a correlation between PTN expression and advanced BC stages; therefore, PTN could serve as an independent predictor of metastasis.

Evaluation of breast cancer metastasis and mortality rates based on molecular subtype: A description study.

Background: Breast cancer in Indonesia has continued to increase. One diagnostic modality is immunohistochemical examination to determine breast cancer subtypes.

Objective: To determine breast cancer metastasis and mortality rates based on molecular subtypes.