Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide: The Redox Sensor in Aging-Related Disorders.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) represents the reduced form of NAD, and together they constitute the two forms of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide whose balance is named as the NAD/NADH ratio. NAD/NADH ratio is mainly involved in redox reactions since both the molecules are responsible forcarrying electrons to maintain redox homeostasis. NADH acts as a reducing agent, and one of the most known processes exploiting NADH function is energy metabolism.

The Evolution of Ketosis: Potential Impact on Clinical Conditions.

Ketone bodies are small compounds derived from fatty acids that behave as an alternative mitochondrial energy source when insulin levels are low, such as during fasting or strenuous exercise. In addition to the metabolic function of ketone bodies, they also have several signaling functions separate from energy production. In this perspective, we review the main current data referring to ketone bodies in correlation with nutrition and metabolic pathways as well as to the signaling functions and the potential impact on clinical conditions.