Expression of NK (CD16+56+) and B cells (CD19) Receptor Molecules as a Reliable Clinical Response Biomarkers of SLE and RA Patients Under the Rituximab Treatment.

Introduction: Lately, the use of biological therapy in various autoimmune diseases is increasing. The ideal marker for monitoring the effects of modern therapy is still non-existent.

Aim: To investigate early response biomarkers of SLE and RA patients under the rituximab treatment are in research phase and each new investigations offer new and original useful data.

ELISA Test for Analyzing of Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies (GAD and IA2) in Children and Adolescents.

Introduction: Anti GAD (antibodies on glutamic acid decarboxylase) and anti-IA2 antibodies (against tyrosine phosphatase), today, have their place and importance in diagnosis and prognosis of Type 1 diabetes. Huge number of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 have these antibodies. Insulin antibodies are of critical importance in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 for pediatric population.

Financial aspects and the future of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States of america.

Introduction: The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is defined by the U.

Detection methods of immunoglobulin IgG in CSF and serum.

Introduction: This study represents a new approach to the extended analysis of correlation of findings of oligoclonal bands on gels and the level of intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G in the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that there is no correlation at this level as well as the number of tape or finding does not correlate with the forecast effect of therapy or patient outcome.

Aims Of The Study: To determine the correlation of level of immunoglobulins IgG in CSF with the number of oligoclonal bands on the gel.

Monitoring of disease biomarkers activity and immunophenotyping as important factors in SLE clinical management.

The highly specific biomarkers for monitoring of SLE disease activity are not yet defined up to date, due to existing of different clinical SLE phenotypes caused by individual genetic variation. Basically, numerous clinical complications follow SLE patients such as nephritis, atherosclerosis and cardial, CNS, gastrointestinal and ophthalmological complications, as well. Their monitoring in clinical SLE management can be evaluated by analysing of specific biochemical parameters and require permanent clinical observation.

Reibergram and oligoclonal bands in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: In this study authors have analyzed the correlation between the IgG immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid and the findings of oligoclonal bands on gel. Immunoglobulin IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be detected in neurological diseasses (infections and inflammatory neurological diseases and in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS)). Quantitative IgG in CSF can be expressed by different formulae Reiber (Reiber and Felgenhauer 1987), Tourtellotte (Tourtellotte 1970), Schuller (Schuller and Sagar 1983) and IgG Index (Link and Tibbling 1977).

Clinical management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with different C1q-CIC and C3 concentrations.

Over the third of SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) patients have a high level auto-antibodies-antigen complex that contains some complement proteins, especially C1q as the trigger protein in the classical complement activation pathway. So, the SLE, as an autoimmune disease, is certainly related to disorders caused by activation of complement system, that finally leads to tissue damage. It may also be caused by hereditary deficiency (complement genes mutations).

The incidence of ANA and ETI-dsDNA detected by enzyme immunoassays and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

While the SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) specificity of ANA is low, that of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies is high. The DNA used in the assay must be double stranded: autoantibodies to single-stranded (ss) DNA exist in many diseases and specific to none. The prevalence (70%) of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies is much higherin SLE, giving a higher diagnostic sensitivity than the similarly disease-specific anti-Sm autoantibodies (30%).

ELISA subtypization of anti-ENA autoantibodies in clinical management of autoimmune diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The basis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE (Systemic Lupus Eritematodes), Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, dermatomyositis and polymiositis is the creation of auto-antibodies to the following specific extractable nuclear antigens (ENA):Jo-1, Ssl-70, SS-A, SS-B, Sm and Sm/RNPs. Some of these antigens are in fact enzymes (Jo-1-histidil-tRNA synthetase, Scl-70-topoisomerase) which are inhibited by specific autoantibodies--this leads to disturbance in the metabolism of DNA and protein biosynthesis. During 2009, we analyzed total of 87 serum samples of patients suspected for autoimmune disorder using ANA-IFA and ELISA-ENA-6 methods.

Comparative study of interleukin 1ALFA and interleukin 6 concentrations in serum specimens detected by ELISA.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) contains two proteins, which are the products of distinct genes, but which recognize the same cell surface receptors. In the liver, IL-1 initiates the acute phase response resulting in an increase in hepatic protein synthesis and decreased albumin production IL-1 also plays an important role in immune functions, having effects on macrophages/monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and LAK cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that regulates immune responses.

Transplantation of organs: one of the greatest achievements in history of medicine.

The history of transplantation is a scientific journey describing the medical community's effort to understand how the human body works. Humans have long realized the possibilities which transplantation of organs and tissue provides. Throughout history people have always been intrigued by the possibilities of the transplantation of organs and tissues.

The incidence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) method.

Human anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) react specificaly with DNA, RNA, several proteins and ribonucleoproteins. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is the classic type of polysystemic autoimmune disease. The high frequency of ANA is determined in these patients.

Optimisation of RT-PCR for detection of enteroviruses.

Enteroviruses are members of Enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae family. On the basis of their pathogenesis and host range, most human enteroviruses are classified into one of three groups (Coxsackie's viruses, echoviruses and polioviruses). Some unclassified human enteroviruses may cause bronchitis (type 68), acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (type 70), meningitis and paralysis (types 70 and 71) and hepatitis (type 72 or hepatitis A virus).