A randomized controlled trial to study the effect of intratracheal and intravenous lignocaine on airway and hemodynamic response during emergence and extubation following general anesthesia.

Objective: Intratracheal (IT) and intravenous (IV) lignocaine suppress airway reflex and hemodynamic response during extubation, but studies regarding this are sparse. The primary aim was to compare the effect of IT and IV lignocaine on attenuation of airway reflex to endotracheal extubation and the secondary aim was to compare the hemodynamic responses to extubation, using lignocaine by the two different routes.

Methods: Seventy-five female patients with comparable age, body mass index, and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status undergoing carcinoma breast surgery were randomized into three groups.

Pharmacotherapy of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Clinical Update.

The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads on to an increase in chronic diabetic complications. Diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPNs) are common chronic complications of diabetes. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most prevalent form.