Measuring open defecation in India using survey questions: evidence from a randomised survey experiment.

Objectives: To investigate differences in reported open defecation between a question about latrine use or open defecation for every household member and a household-level question.

Setting: Rural India is home to most of the world's open defecation. India's Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2015-2016 estimates that 54% of households in rural India defecate in the open.