From prescription to pollution: The ecological consequences of NSAIDs in aquatic ecosystems.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely utilised to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite their therapeutic benefits, NSAIDs pose environmental concerns due to their possible ecotoxicity. NSAIDs can enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater discharge as it is very difficult to extract NSAIDs by conventional wastewater treatment, thus affecting aquatic life.