Lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP1 and LIMP2 are segregated in the Golgi apparatus independently of their clathrin adaptor binding motif.

To reach the lysosome, lysosomal membrane proteins (LMPs) are translocated in the endoplasmic reticulum after synthesis and then transported to the Golgi apparatus. The existence of a direct transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endosomes but also of an indirect route through the plasma membrane has been described. Clathrin adaptor binding motifs contained in the cytosolic tail of LMPs have been described as key players in their intracellular trafficking.

Stiffness tomography of eukaryotic intracellular compartments by atomic force microscopy.

Precise localization and biophysical characterization of cellular structures is a key to the understanding of biological processes happening both inside the cell and at the cell surface. Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool to study the cell surface - topography, elasticity, viscosity, interactions - and also the viscoelastic behavior of the underlying cytoplasm, cytoskeleton or the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate the ability of atomic force microscopy to also map and characterize organelles and microorganisms inside cells, at the nanoscale, by combining stiffness tomography with super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy.

Recruitment of LC3 to damaged Golgi apparatus.

LC3 is a protein that can associate with autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and phagosomes. Here, we show that LC3 can also redistribute toward the damaged Golgi apparatus where it clusters with SQSTM1/p62 and lysosomes. This organelle-specific relocation, which did not involve the generation of double-membraned autophagosomes, could be observed after Golgi damage was induced by various strategies, namely (i) laser-induced localized cellular damage, (ii) local expression of peroxidase and exposure to peroxide and diaminobenzidine, (iii) treatment with the Golgi-tropic photosensitizer redaporfin and light, (iv) or exposure to the Golgi-tropic anticancer peptidomimetic LTX-401.

Microtubule-independent secretion requires functional maturation of Golgi elements.

The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and sorting of secretory cargos. Microtubules are known to accelerate the transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex and from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. However, whether post-Golgi transport strictly requires microtubules is still unclear.

ESCRT machinery is required for plasma membrane repair.

Plasma membrane damage can be triggered by numerous phenomena, and efficient repair is essential for cell survival. Endocytosis, membrane patching, or extracellular budding can be used for plasma membrane repair. We found that endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), involved previously in membrane budding and fission, plays a critical role in plasma membrane repair.

Synchronization of secretory protein traffic in populations of cells.

To dissect secretory traffic, we developed the retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system. RUSH is a two-state assay based on the reversible interaction of a hook protein fused to core streptavidin and stably anchored in the donor compartment with a reporter protein of interest fused to streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP). Biotin addition causes a synchronous release of the reporter from the hook.

Fully in vitro selection of recombinant antibodies.

Antibodies are essential for the identification and characterization of proteins. In the current postgenomic era the need for highly specific antibodies has further increased not only for research applications but also because they represent one of the most promising therapeutic options, especially in the field of cancer treatment. One appealing approach for rapid and inexpensive antibody generation is the use of phage display.

[Video technology and the personal computer in the therapy simulator].

Purpose: Technical progress in the development of radiation therapy simulators provided valuable addition of electronically stored images and monitor indicators for individual radiation parameters. One can store as well as print these data as a treatment plan. The possibility of supplementing older simulators with these technical options will be reported in the following paper.

Solid phantom material for the dosimetry of iodine-125 seed ophthalmic plaques.

Purpose: A tissue-equivalent solid phantom material, RE-1, closely simulating the radiological attenuation and scattering properties of the human eye for the iodine-125 photon spectrum and their Compton-scattered secondary photons, was fabricated on a polyethylene base with CaCO3 and MgO as inorganic additives.

Methods And Materials: A 24 mm diameter spherical phantom was made from 1.1 mm thick sheets of RE-1, and holes were drilled in which 1 mm3 TLD cubes were placed.

Autoradiography for iodine-125 seeds.

To study the interior design of model 6702 and 6711 iodine-125 seeds contact autoradiographs were performed using mammography film. Improved resolution was obtained using a pin-hole camera with a hole of 0.1 mm x 0.

Calcification of the aortic wall in hypercalcemic rabbits.

The mineralization process was investigated in the aortic wall of hypercalcemic rabbits. The elevated calcium level in serum was induced by intramuscular injection of vitamin D3. The animals were killed at different times of the experiment (max.

Intramembranaceous ossification analyses by a proton microprobe.

The proton induced X-ray emission method in combination with a proton microprobe was applied to study the intramembranaceous ossification. As material sections of mouse embryo skulls from the 17th and 19th day of gestation were used. The morphology of the sample was examined by routine histochemical procedure performed on the sections adjacent to that irradiated by the proton microprobe.