Interaction of TLR4 and TLR8 in the Innate Immune Response against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.

The interaction and crosstalk of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is an established pathway in which the innate immune system recognises and fights pathogens. In a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis of an Indian cohort, we found evidence for both TLR4-399T and TRL8-1A conveying increased susceptibility towards tuberculosis (TB) in an interdependent manner, even though there is no established TLR4 ligand present in (Mtb), which is the causative pathogen of TB. Docking studies revealed that TLR4 and TLR8 can build a heterodimer, allowing interaction with TLR8 ligands.

Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Material Clothing on Recovery after Maximal Eccentric Exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials worn as Bioceramic pants would improve neuromuscular performance, biochemical and perceptual markers in healthy individuals after maximal eccentric exercise. Twenty-two moderately active men were randomized into Bioceramic (n = 11) or Placebo (n = 11) groups. To induce muscle damage, three sets of 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the quadriceps were performed at 60°·s.

A SNP upstream of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) gene protects from relapse and extra-pulmonary TB and relates to BCG vaccination status in an Indian cohort.

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a major health care threat worldwide causing over a million deaths annually. Host-pathogen interaction is complex, and a strong genetic contribution to disease susceptibility has been proposed.

Effects of Caffeine Chewing Gum on Exercise Tolerance and Neuromuscular Responses in Well-Trained Runners.

Dittrich, N, Serpa, MC, Lemos, EC, De Lucas, RD, and Guglielmo, LGA. Effects of caffeine chewing gum on exercise tolerance and neuromuscular responses in well-trained runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1671-1676, 2021-This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on endurance exercise, neuromuscular properties, and rate of perceived exertion on exercise tolerance.

Effect of hypnotic suggestion on knee extensor neuromuscular properties in resting and fatigued states.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypnotic suggestions can alter knee extensor neuromuscular function at rest and during exercise.

Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers (8 men and 5 women, 27 ± 3 years old) took part in this counterbalanced, crossover study including two experimental (hypnosis and control) sessions. Knee extensor neuromuscular function was tested before and after hypnosis suggestion by using a combination of voluntary contraction, transcutaneous femoral nerve electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Recognition of microbial viability via TLR8 drives T cell differentiation and vaccine responses.

Live attenuated vaccines are generally highly efficacious and often superior to inactivated vaccines, yet the underlying mechanisms of this remain largely unclear. Here we identify recognition of microbial viability as a potent stimulus for follicular helper T cell (T cell) differentiation and vaccine responses. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) distinguished viable bacteria from dead bacteria through Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8)-dependent detection of bacterial RNA.

Comparative Effects of Two Interval Shuttle-Run Training Modes on Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Female Professional Futsal Players.

Teixeira, AS, Arins, FB, De Lucas, RD, Carminatti, LJ, Dittrich, N, Nakamura, FY, and Guglielmo, LGA. Comparative effects of two interval shuttle-run training modes on physiological and performance adaptations in female professional futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1416-1428, 2019-The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of 2 shuttle-run interval training (SRIT) models with 1 and 3 directional changes per running bout on the aerobic and anaerobic performances of elite female futsal players.

Physiological Responses During the Time Limit at 100% of the Peak Velocity in the Carminatti's Test in Futsal Players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during the time limit at the intensity of the peak velocity of the Carminatti's test (T-CAR). Ten professional futsal players (age, 27.4 ± 5.

S100A12 is up-regulated in pulmonary tuberculosis and predicts the extent of alveolar infiltration on chest radiography: an observational study.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) results in lung functional impairment and there are no surrogate markers to monitor the extent of lung involvement. We investigated the clinical significance of S100A12 and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) for predicting the extent of lung involvement. We performed an observational study in India with 119 newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, sputum smear positive, HIV-negative PTB patients and 163 healthy controls.

Hydrogen sulfide contributes to hypoxic inhibition of airway transepithelial sodium absorption.

In lung epithelial cells, hypoxia decreases the expression and activity of sodium-transporting molecules, thereby reducing the rate of transepithelial sodium absorption. The mechanisms underlying the sensing of hypoxia and subsequent coupling to sodium-transporting molecules remain unclear. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling molecule whose intracellular concentrations critically depend on oxygen levels.

Luminal acetylcholine does not affect the activity of the CFTR in tracheal epithelia of pigs.

Fluid homeostasis mediated by the airway epithelium is required for proper lung function, and the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) Cl(-) channel is crucial for these processes. Luminal acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an auto-/paracrine mediator to activate Cl(-) channels in airway epithelia and evidence exists showing that nicotinic ACh receptors activate CFTR in murine airway epithelia. The present study investigated whether or not luminal ACh regulates CFTR activity in airway epithelia of pigs, an emerging model for investigations of human airway disease and cystic fibrosis (CF) in particular.

Toll-like receptor 1 variations influence susceptibility and immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, is still a global public health problem. TB susceptibility varies greatly in infected individuals, and mycobacterial recognition by the innate immune system likely affects disease course and outcome. This research describes a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1 gene that functionally alters the innate immune response to MTB and is associated with TB susceptibility in India.

The effect of two generic aerobic interval training methods on laboratory and field test performance in soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 generic aerobic training models, based on peak running velocity in Carminatti's test (PVT-CAR) in U-20 elite soccer players. Seventeen soccer players (age: 17.9 ± 1.

Reliability and validity of the Carminatti's test for aerobic fitness in youth soccer players.

In this study, we examined the reliability and validity of peak velocity determined using the Carminatti's test (PVT-CAR) to evaluate the aerobic fitness of young soccer players (age = 13.4 ± 1.2 years; range, 10.

Time to exhaustion at continuous and intermittent maximal lactate steady state during running exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the time to exhaustion (TE) and the physiological responses at continuous and intermittent (ratio 5:1) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in well-trained runners. Ten athletes (32.7 ± 6.

Intermittent versus Continuous Incremental Field Tests: Are Maximal Variables Interchangeable?

The aim of the present study was to compare physiological responses derived from an incremental progressive field test with a constant speed test i.e. intermittent versus continuous protocol.

Continuous and intermittent running to exhaustion at maximal lactate steady state: neuromuscular, biochemical and endocrinal responses.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to characterize the neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrinal responses from a running to exhaustion mode at the maximal lactate steady state intensity during continuous and intermittent protocols.

Design: Pre-post test measures.

Methods: Twelve athletes performed an incremental treadmill test, several constant speed tests to determine the maximal lactate steady state at continuous and intermittent (5:1 ratio) models and two randomized tests until exhaustion at such intensities.

Is the critical running speed related to the intermittent maximal lactate steady state?

The purpose of the present study was to compare the critical speed (CS) with the speed at the maximal lactate steady state (vMLSS) determined by a continuous and an intermittent model in trained runners. Eight male endurance runners (30.3 ± 10.

Validity and reliability of a new field test (Carminatti's test) for soccer players compared with laboratory-based measures.

The aim of this study was to assess the validity (Study 1) and reliability (Study 2) of a novel intermittent running test (Carminatti's test) for physiological assessment of soccer players. In Study 1, 28 players performed Carminatti's test, a repeated sprint ability test, and an intermittent treadmill test. In Study 2, 24 players performed Carminatti's test twice within 72 h to determine test-retest reliability.

Validity of Carminatti's test to determine physiological indices of aerobic power and capacity in soccer and futsal players.

The aim of this study was to verify the validity of a new progressive distance and fixed time test (Carminatti's test [TCAR]) in estimating the main physiological indices of aerobic fitness in team-sport players. Thirty professional national level team-sport players (n = 12 futsal players and 18 soccer players) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed the TCAR and a laboratory incremental treadmill test (ITT).

Transphosphatidylation by immobilized phospholipase D in aqueous media.

Phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces sp. was immobilized by covalent binding to aminopropyl-glass activated by glutardialdehyde and to the macroporous synthetic polymer VA-Epoxy Biosynth (from Riedel-de Häen, Seelze, Germany) pre-activated by epoxy groups. The immobilized PLDs were examined for the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) from soybean (Glycine max) phosphatidylcholine (PC) in purely aqueous solutions in comparison with commonly used diethyl ether/buffer systems.

Hexadecylphosphocholine and 2-modified 1,3-diacylglycerols as effectors of phospholipase D.

The kinetic behaviour of phospholipase D (PLD) from cabbage has been studied in the presence of several substrate-like compounds such as hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC) and 1,3-didodecanoylglycero-2-phosphatides. 1,3-Didodecanoyl- glycero-2-phosphocholine (1,3-DiC12PC) was found being not cleft by PLD, whereas HPC is hydrolyzed by PLD with small rate. The plot of initial velocity vs.

Alkylphosphate esters as inhibitors of phospholipase D.

Alkylphosphate esters were shown to be potent inhibitors of phospholipase D. Using phosphatidyl choline/sodium dodecylsulfate (2:1) as substrate, IC50 values were determined for alkylphosphocholines of different chain length (C10-C18) and for various octadecylphosphate esters with different polar head groups. The inhibitory potency strongly increased with increasing chain length of the alkyl chain.