Novel approaches to treatment of leptomeningeal metastases.

Purpose Of Review: The incidence of leptomeningeal metastases is increasing in the setting of improved survival from systemic cancers. In more recent years, our understanding of leptomeningeal metastasis pathogenesis, how to diagnose and treat has been evolving.

Recent Findings: Diagnosing leptomeningeal metastasis has been challenging due to the limitations of cytology and neuroimaging; However, newer techniques detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have shown potential advantage with diagnosis, quantification and detection of oncogenic mutations.

Neuro-Oncology in Women: Clinical Considerations.

Sex differences play a large role in oncology. It has long been discussed that the incidence of different types of tumors varies by sex, and this holds in neuro-oncology. There are also profound survival sex differences, biologic factors, and treatment effects.

IDH-Mutant Low-grade Glioma: Advances in Molecular Diagnosis, Management, and Future Directions.

Purpose Of Review: IDH-mutant low-grade gliomas (LGG) have emerged as a distinct clinical and molecular entity with unique treatment considerations. Here, we review updates in IDH-mutant LGG diagnosis and classification, imaging biomarkers, therapies, and neurocognitive and patient-reported outcomes.

Recent Findings: CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytoma is associated with shorter survival, similar to WHO grade 4.