Advanced glycation end products and bone - How do we measure them and how do they correlate with bone mineral density and fractures? A systematic review and evaluation of precision of measures.

The role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in bone fragility especially in diabetic bone disease is increasingly recognized and researched. As skeletal frailty in diabetes does not correlate to bone mineral density (BMD) in the same way as in postmenopausal osteoporosis, BMD may not be a suitable measure of bone quality in persons with diabetes. Abundant research exists upon the effect of AGEs on bone, and though full understanding of the mechanisms of actions does not yet exist, there is little doubt of the clinical relevance.