The ulnar collateral ligament loading paradox between in-vitro and in-vivo studies on baseball pitching (narrative review).

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) weakening or tears occur in 16% of professional baseball pitchers. To prevent players from sustaining a UCL injury, it is important to understand the relationship between the UCL properties and elbow stabilizers with the load on the UCL during pitching. In-vitro studies showed that the ultimate external valgus torque of 34 Nm would rupture the UCL, which is in apparent conflict with the reported peak valgus torques in pitching (40-120 Nm).

Long-term follow-up of conservatively treated midshaft clavicular fractures on functional outcome.

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effect of shortening after a midshaft clavicular fracture on strength deficiency in the shoulder.

Method: This study included 18 participants (14 males, 4 females) with a conservatively treated midshaft clavicular fracture. Mean age was 52.

Initial Skill Acquisition of Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion: A New Perspective.

To gain insight into cyclic motor learning processes, hand rim wheelchair propulsion is a suitable cyclic task, to be learned during early rehabilitation and novel to almost every individual. To propel in an energy efficient manner, wheelchair users must learn to control bimanually applied forces onto the rims, preserving both speed and direction of locomotion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mechanical efficiency and propulsion technique during the initial stage of motor learning.