Item response theory analysis of daytime sleepiness as a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder which is linked to many health risks. The gold standard to evaluate OSA in clinical trials is the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). However, it is time-consuming, costly, and disregards aspects such as quality of life.

Evaluation of covariate effects in item response theory models.

Item response theory (IRT) models are usually the best way to analyze composite or rating scale data. Standard methods to evaluate covariate or treatment effects in IRT models do not allow to identify item-specific effects. Finding subgroups of patients who respond differently to certain items could be very important when designing inclusion or exclusion criteria for clinical trials, and aid in understanding different treatment responses in varying disease manifestations.

Model-Based Benefit/Risk Analysis for the Copanlisib Intermittent Dosing Regimen.

Copanlisib is an intravenously administered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, which is approved as monotherapy for relapsed follicular lymphoma in adult patients who have received at least two systemic therapies. In an April 2022 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Oncology Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC), the benefit-risk profile of the class PI3K inhibitors were scrutinized for use in hematological malignancies. Specifically, their unique toxicities may contribute to the high incidences in reported serious and high-grade treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs), thereby reducing their overall tolerability and potentially limiting their successful use.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: Insights based on FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD.

Aims: To perform dose-exposure-response analyses to determine the effects of finerenone doses.

Materials And Methods: Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials enrolling 13 026 randomized participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from global sites, each with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 to 90 mL/min/1.73 m , a urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 30 to 5000 mg/g, and serum potassium ≤ 4.

Assessing QTc Effects of Vericiguat Using Two Different Concentration-QTc Modeling Approaches.

Background And Objectives: Vericiguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to heart failure. A dedicated QTc study in patients with chronic coronary syndromes demonstrated no clinically relevant QTc effect of vericiguat for exposures across the therapeutic dose range (2.5-10 mg).

Copanlisib population pharmacokinetics from phase I-III studies and exposure-response relationships in combination with rituximab.

Copanlisib dose selection was established under the maximum tolerated dose paradigm, and no dedicated dose-finding studies have investigated copanlisib dose selection when used in combination with rituximab. In CHRONOS-3, copanlisib plus rituximab demonstrated significantly improved progression-free survival versus placebo plus rituximab in patients with relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL). We conducted a comprehensive investigation of copanlisib population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) from a pooled analysis of 712 patients across nine copanlisib phase I-III studies and exposure-response (ER) relationships for efficacy and safety from the 1-year follow-up of CHRONOS-3.

Model-informed approach to support pediatric dosing for the pan-PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in children and adolescents with relapsed/refractory solid tumors.

Copanlisib is an intravenously administered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor which was investigated in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors. A model-informed approach was undertaken to support and confirm an empirically selected starting dose of 28 mg/m for pediatric patients ≥1 year old, corresponding to 80% of the adult recommended dose adjusted for body surface area. An adult physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was initially established using copanlisib physicochemical and disposition properties and clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) data and was shown to adequately capture clinical PK across a range of copanlisib doses in adult cancer patients.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Nifurtimox in Adult and Pediatric Patients With Chagas Disease.

Nifurtimox (LAMPIT) has been used for decades for the treatment of Chagas disease, a chronic and potentially life-threatening disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The pharmacokinetic (PK) information on nifurtimox in humans derived from controlled clinical studies is very limited. The objective was to investigate and compare the population PK of nifurtimox in adult and pediatric patients with Chagas disease to confirm the clinical dosing regimen in children, which was based on allometric approaches using the concept that a dose-equivalent exposure would reach equivalent antiparasitic efficacy as in adults.

Finerenone Dose-Exposure-Serum Potassium Response Analysis of FIDELIO-DKD Phase III: The Role of Dosing, Titration, and Inclusion Criteria.

Background: Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) that demonstrated efficacy in delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reducing cardiovascular events in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus in FIDELIO-DKD, where 5734 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either finerenone or placebo, with a median follow-up of 2.6 years. Doses of finerenone 10 or 20 mg once daily were titrated based on (serum) potassium and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Finerenone Dose-Exposure-Response for the Primary Kidney Outcome in FIDELIO-DKD Phase III: Population Pharmacokinetic and Time-to-Event Analysis.

Background: Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that recently demonstrated efficacy in delaying chronic kidney disease progression and reducing cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes in FIDELIO-DKD, where 5734 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either titrated finerenone doses of 10 or 20 mg once daily or placebo, with a median follow-up of 2.6 years.

Methods: Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models were used to analyze the pharmacokinetics in FIDELIO-DKD, sparsely sampled in all subjects receiving finerenone.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background: Vericiguat, a stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase, has been developed as a first-in-class therapy for worsening chronic heart failure in adults with left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%.

Objective: The objective of this article was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic variability of vericiguat combined with guideline-directed medical therapy (standard of care), and identify exposure-response relationships for safety (hemodynamics) and pharmacodynamic markers of efficacy (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration [NT-proBNP]) in patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction < 45% in the SOCRATES-REDUCED study (NCT01951625).

Methods: Vericiguat and NT-proBNP plasma concentrations in 454 and 432 patients in SOCRATES-REDUCED, respectively, were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.

NT-proBNP Qualifies as a Surrogate for Clinical End Points in Heart Failure.

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a well-established biomarker in heart failure (HF) but controversially discussed as a potential surrogate marker in HF trials. We analyzed the NT-proBNP/mortality relationship in real-world data (RWD) of 108,330 HF patients from the IBM Watson Health Explorys database and compared it with the NT-proBNP / clinical event end-point relationship in 20 clinical HF studies. With a hierarchical statistical model, we quantified the functional relationship and interstudy variability.

Associations between model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics and efficacy and safety outcomes in the treatment of venous thromboembolism.

Anticoagulant plasma concentrations and patient characteristics might affect the benefit-risk balance of therapy. This study assessed the impact of model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics on outcomes in patients receiving rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism treatment (VTE-T) using data from the phase 3 EINSTEIN-DVT and EINSTEIN-PE studies. In the absence of measured rivaroxaban exposure, exposure estimates were predicted based on individual increases in prothrombin time (PT) and the known correlation between rivaroxaban plasma concentrations and PT dynamics.

Associations between model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics and efficacy and safety outcomes in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.

Anticoagulant plasma concentrations and patient characteristics might affect the benefit-risk balance of therapy. The study objective was to assess the impact of model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics on outcomes in patients receiving rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis (VTE-P) after hip/knee replacement surgery. Post hoc exposure-response analyses were conducted using data from the phase 3 RECORD1-4 studies, in which 12,729 patients were randomized to rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily or enoxaparin for ≤ 39 days.

Favorable Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Extended-Half-Life Recombinant Factor VIII BAY 94-9027 Enable Robust Individual Profiling Using a Population Pharmacokinetic Approach.

Background: Prophylaxis with factor VIII (FVIII) should be individualized based on patient characteristics, including FVIII pharmacokinetics. Population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modeling simplifies pharmacokinetic studies by obviating the need for multiple samples.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and inter-individual variability (IIV) of BAY 94-9027 in relation to patient characteristics in support of a popPK-tailored approach, including identifying the optimal number and timing of pharmacokinetic samples.

Bayesian Forecasting Utilizing Bleeding Information to Support Dose Individualization of Factor VIII.

Bayesian forecasting for dose individualization of prophylactic factor VIII replacement therapy using pharmacokinetic samples is challenged by large interindividual variability in the bleeding risk. A pharmacokinetic-repeated time-to-event model-based forecasting approach was developed to contrast the ability to predict the future occurrence of bleeds based on individual (i) pharmacokinetic, (ii) bleeding, and (iii) pharmacokinetic, bleeding and covariate information using observed data from the Long-Term Efficacy Open-Label Program in Severe Hemophilia A Disease (LEOPOLD) clinical trials (172 severe hemophilia A patients taking prophylactic treatment). The predictive performance assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.

Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Response Analysis of Finerenone: Insights Based on Phase IIb Data and Simulations to Support Dose Selection for Pivotal Trials in Type 2 Diabetes with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: Finerenone (BAY 94-8862) is a potent non-steroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

Methods: We present the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PD) analysis for efficacy and safety markers based on data from two clinical phase IIb studies: ARTS-DN (NCT01874431) and ARTS-DN Japan (NCT01968668).

Results: The pharmacokinetics of finerenone were adequately characterized, with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and body weight as influencing covariates.

Relationship between factor VIII activity, bleeds and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients.

Pharmacokinetic-based prophylaxis of replacement factor VIII (FVIII) products has been encouraged in recent years, but the relationship between exposure (factor VIII activity) and response (bleeding frequency) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between FVIII dose, plasma FVIII activity, and bleeding patterns and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients. Pooled pharmacokinetic and bleeding data during prophylactic treatment with BAY 81-8973 (octocog alfa) were obtained from the three LEOPOLD trials.

Influence of model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics on efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Background: This analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics on efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to determine whether therapeutic drug monitoring might provide additional information regarding rivaroxaban dose, beyond what patient characteristics provide.

Methods: A exposure-response analysis was conducted using data from the phase III ATLAS ACS 2 Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 51 study, in which 15,526 randomized ACS patients received rivaroxaban (2.5 mg or 5 mg twice daily) or placebo for a mean of 13 months (maximum follow up: 31 months).

Enhancing the Quality of Rivaroxaban Exposure Estimates Using Prothrombin Time in the Absence of Pharmacokinetic Sampling.

Prothrombin time (PT) is a measure of coagulation status and was assessed in the majority of patients in the rivaroxaban phase II and III clinical trials as a pharmacodynamic marker. In the absence of sufficient phase III pharmacokinetic (PK) data to provide individual exposure measures for input into rivaroxaban exposure-response analyses, the aim of the present study was to investigate the use of PT-adjustment approaches (i.e.

An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis to Characterize Levonorgestrel Pharmacokinetics After Different Administration Routes.

To compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the progestin levonorgestrel for various routes of administration, an integrated population PK analysis was performed. This analysis integrated data from 10 clinical pharmacology studies and resulted in a single, comprehensive population PK model (and its applications) describing the PK of levonorgestrel and its variability for 6 levonorgestrel-containing contraceptives: 3 intrauterine systems (IUSs; levonorgestrel [LNG]-IUS 20 [Mirena ], LNG-IUS 12 [Kyleena ], and LNG-IUS 8 [Jaydess /Skyla ]); 2 oral contraceptives (the progestin-only pill [Microlut /Norgeston ] and the combined oral contraceptive [Miranova ]); and a subdermal implant (Jadelle ). The levonorgestrel-containing contraceptives administered orally or as an implant act mainly via their systemic (unbound) levonorgestrel exposure, whereas levonorgestrel administered via an IUS is released directly into the uterine cavity, resulting in lower systemic levonorgestrel concentrations.

Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rivaroxaban Across Multiple Patient Populations.

The population pharmacokinetics (PK) of rivaroxaban have been evaluated in several population-specific models. We developed an integrated population PK model using pooled data from 4,918 patients in 7 clinical trials across all approved indications. Effects of gender, age, and weight on apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F), renal function, and comedication on CL/F, and relative bioavailability as a function of dose (F) were analyzed.

Improved Pharmacokinetics with BAY 81-8973 Versus Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) Plasma/Albumin-Free Method: A Randomized Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients with Severe Hemophilia A.

Background: BAY 81-8973 is a full-length, unmodified, recombinant human factor VIII (FVIII) for the treatment of hemophilia A.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of BAY 81-8973 with antihemophilic factor (recombinant) plasma/albumin-free method (rAHF-PFM) PATIENTS/METHODS: In this phase I, open-label, crossover study, men aged 18-65 years with severe hemophilia A and ≥150 exposure days to FVIII were randomized to receive a single intravenous infusion of 50 IU/kg BAY 81-8973 or rAHF-PFM, followed by crossover to a single infusion of the other treatment. FVIII levels were measured in plasma over 48 h using one-stage and chromogenic assays.

Enhancing lipophilicity as a strategy to overcome resistance against platinum complexes?

Decreased influx represents one of the major resistance mechanisms of platinum complexes. In order to address the question if this mechanism of resistance can be overcome by enhancing the lipophilicity of platinum complexes, we investigated the influence of lipophilicity on cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity in a panel of oxaliplatin analogues with different carrier ligands. Cellular accumulation, DNA platination and cytotoxicity were measured in a cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian carcinoma (A2780/A2780cis) and in an oxaliplatin-sensitive and -resistant ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8/HCT-8ox) cell line pair.

Effect of extracellular ATP on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human ovarian carcinoma cells.

Background: Cisplatin resistance has been mainly associated with decreased cellular accumulation and increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. ATP is known to increase the membrane permeability of cells and to decrease intracellular GSH levels. Our study aimed at using extracellular ATP to sensitize ovarian carcinoma cells towards cisplatin.