A canine model to evaluate the effect of exercise intensity and duration on olfactory detection limits: the running nose.

Detection canines serve critical roles to support the military, homeland security and border protection. Some explosive detection tasks are physically demanding for dogs, and prior research suggests this can lead to a reduction in olfactory detection sensitivity. To further evaluate the effect of exercise intensity on olfactory sensitivity, we developed a novel olfactory paradigm that allowed us to measure olfactory detection thresholds while dogs exercised on a treadmill at two different exercise intensities.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and hydroxytyrosol improved antioxidative and anti-inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major phenolic compound of green tea, and hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), a phenol found in olive oil, have received attention due to their wide-ranging health benefits. To date, there are no studies that report their effect in bovine mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG and HTyr in bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV1) and to compare their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in vitro efficacy.

Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and essential fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Fatty acids are important modulators of inflammatory responses, in particular, n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids and CLA have received particular attention for their ability to modulate inflammation. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of CLA and essential fatty acids on the expression of pro and anti- inflammatory cytokines and their protective efficacy against inflammatory status in mammary gland by an in vitro model based on bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1). Bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with complete medium containing either 50 µM of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) or trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA) or (α)-linolenic acid (aLnA) or (γ)-linolenic acid (gLnA) or linoleic acid (LA).

Comparison between conjugated linoleic acid and essential fatty acids in preventing oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Some in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated protective effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. However, only a few and conflicting studies have been conducted showing the antioxidant potential of essential fatty acids. The objectives of the study were to compare the effects of CLA to other essential fatty acids on the thiol redox status of bovine mammary epithelia cells (BME-UV1) and their protective role against oxidative damage on the mammary gland by an in vitro study.

Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Depend on Normobaric versus Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Acute mountain sickness (AMS), characterized by headache, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness when unacclimatized individuals rapidly ascend to high altitude, is exacerbated by exercise and can be disabling. Although AMS is observed in both normobaric (NH) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH), recent evidence suggests that NH and HH produce different physiological responses. We evaluated whether AMS symptoms were different in NH and HH during the initial stages of exposure and if the assessment tool mattered.

Evidence for cerebral edema, cerebral perfusion, and intracranial pressure elevations in acute mountain sickness.

Introduction: We hypothesized that cerebral alterations in edema, perfusion, and/or intracranial pressure (ICP) are related to the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS).

Methods: To vary AMS, we manipulated ambient oxygen, barometric pressure, and exercise duration. Thirty-six subjects were tested before, during and after 8 h exposures in (1) normobaric normoxia (NN; 300 m elevation equivalent); (2) normobaric hypoxia (NH; 4400 m equivalent); and (3) hypobaric hypoxia (HH; 4400 m equivalent).

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers strongly improve the redox status of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1).

Some studies have shown the protective effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in animal models, but no information is available about CLA and changes in oxidative status of the bovine mammary gland. The objectives of the study were to assess in vitro the effect of CLA on the cellular antioxidant response of bovine mammary cells, to examine whether CLA isomers could play a role in cell protection against the oxidative stress, and to study the molecular mechanism involved. For the study, BME-UV1 cells, a bovine mammary epithelial cell line, were used as the experimental model.

Hypoxia, Hypobaria, and Exercise Duration Affect Acute Mountain Sickness.

Introduction: This study simultaneously quantified the effects of normobaric hypoxia (NH), hypobaric hypoxia (HH), exercise duration, and exposure time on acute mountain sickness severity (AMS-C).

Methods: Thirty-six subjects (27.7 ± 7.

Acute Mountain Sickness, Hypoxia, Hypobaria and Exercise Duration each Affect Heart Rate.

In this study, we quantified the changes in post-exercise resting heart rate (HRrst) associated with acute mountain sickness (AMS), and compared the effects of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on HRrst. We also examined the modulating roles of exercise duration and exposure time on HRrst. Each subject participated in 2 of 6 conditions: normobaric normoxia (NN), NH, or HH (4 400 m altitude equivalent) combined with either 10 or 60 min of moderate cycling at the beginning of an 8-h exposure.

Acute normobaric hypoxia reduces body temperature in humans.

Anapyrexia is the regulated decrease in body temperature during acute exposure to hypoxia. This study examined resting rectal temperature (Trec) in adult humans during acute normobaric hypoxia (NH). Ten subjects breathed air consisting of 21% (NN), 14% (NH14), and 12% oxygen (NH12) for 30 min each in thermoneutral conditions while Trec and blood oxygen saturation (Spo2) were measured.

Effect of summer season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows.

Milk characteristics are affected by heat stress, but very little information is available on changes of milk protein fractions and their relationship with cheesemaking properties of milk. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hot season on milk protein fractions and cheesemaking properties of milk for Grana Padano cheese production. The study was carried out in a dairy farm with a cheese factory for transforming the milk to Grana Padano cheese.

Determinants of the repeated-bout effect after lengthening contractions.

Objective: Stresses to skeletal muscle often result in injury. A subsequent bout of the same activity performed days or even weeks after an initial bout results in significantly less damage. The underlying causes of this phenomenon, termed the "repeated-bout effect" (RBE), are unclear.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and macrophages are required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice.

Adult skeletal muscle possesses remarkable potential for growth in response to mechanical loading; however, many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved remain undefined. The hypothesis of this study was that the extracellular serine protease, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is required for muscle hypertrophy, in part by promoting macrophage accumulation in muscle subjected to increased mechanical loading. Compensatory muscle hypertrophy was induced in mouse plantaris (PLT) muscles by surgical ablation of synergist muscles.

Treatment of chronic infection.

Failure of an acute inflammatory response to resolve a wound infection heralds a cascade of events that affects the host and pathogens, culminating in a chronic, refractory condition. The factors contributing to this outcome include immune compromise of the host, antimicrobial resistance, wound-healing deficiencies, and the adherence of pathogens to themselves and wound surfaces via an impenetrable, resistant biofilm. To eradicate chronic infection, the pathogens, biofilm, surfaces available for adherence, and compromised tissue must be removed.

Effect of skin temperature on the cholinergic sensitivity of the human eccrine sweat gland.

Unlabelled: Although sweat gland activity is directly controlled by the central nervous system, which detects changes in core body temperature, sweat glands can also be influenced by local cutaneous thermal conditions.

Objective: The present study sought to determine the effect of local skin temperature on pilocarpine-induced sweating within a range of typical skin temperatures.

Methods: Thirteen subjects (30 +/- 6 years; 172 +/- 11 cm; 72.

The effect of smoking on clinical outcome and complication rates following Ilizarov reconstruction.

Objective: To determine the effect of smoking on outcome and complication rates following Ilizarov reconstruction.

Design: We performed a retrospective review of 84 adult patients (86 limbs) who underwent Ilizarov reconstruction. There were 39 "limbs" in nonsmokers and 47 "limbs" in active smokers.

Effect of acute normobaric hypoxia on peripheral sweat rate.

Peripheral sweat rate was measured to determine if acute normobaric hypoxia exerted a local inhibition on sweat gland function. It was hypothesized that peripheral sweat rate would be reduced during hypoxia, following cholinergic stimulation. Nineteen subjects (24 +/- 3 yr; 177 +/- 9 cm; 75.

Periprosthetic total joint infections: staging, treatment, and outcomes.

Forty-three patients having 49 treatment protocols for periprosthetic total joint infections were staged prospectively, using an osteomyelitis classification system designed to stratify treatment selection according to patient risk factors. Implant salvage was possible in 66% of the infections treated within 30 days of the surgical procedure or within 14 days of symptom onset after a late, septic event. After debridement and implant removal, 88% of the patients with long-standing, refractory infections now have infection-free, functional reconstructions; 64% of these patients have a new, total joint replacement at the original site of treatment.

Effect of tap-water iontophoresis on sweat gland recruitment, skin temperature and skin blood flow.

Our interest was to quantify the role of sweat gland activation on the maintenance of skin temperature during mild exercise in the heat. Seven days of tap-water iontophoresis decreased the number of active sweat glands by 72% which significantly increased forearm skin temperature and blood flow during mild exercise (70 W) in the heat (32 degrees C). Skin temperature of the treated forearm was 0.

An inquiry-based learning model for an exercise physiology laboratory course.

We developed an inquiry-based learning model to better stimulate undergraduate students' cognitive development of exercise physiology laboratory concepts. The course core is the two independent research projects that students, working in small groups, complete during the last 9 wk of the semester. Student groups develop their own research question and hypothesis, design the experiment, collect and analyze the data, and report their findings to the rest of the class using presentation software.

Operative treatment of acetabular fractures through the extensile Henry approach.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the previously unreported application of the extensile Henry approach to the operative treatment of acetabular fractures.

Methods: Thirty-one cases were retrospectively reviewed at an average follow-up of 18.5 months.

The Ilizarov method for complex fracture nonunions.

Introduction: Nonunion of complex fractures continues to challenge orthopedic trauma surgeons. Although traditional management results in a successful outcome in 50% to 80% of cases, the Ilizarov method has been reported to be more effective. We evaluated the efficacy of the Ilizarov method for treatment of nonunions.