Development of antibody to virulence factor flagellin and its evaluation in screening Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum.

The bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum presents a notable economic risk to a variety of crucial crops worldwide. During preliminary isolation of this phytopathogen, several colonies of other saprophytic bacteria may be mistaken with it. So, the present study aims to address this issue by proposing the application of immunogenic proteins, particularly flagellin (FliC), to enable a rapid and early identification of bacterial wilt.

Development of recombinant capsid protein-based single serum dilution ELISA for sero-detection of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs.

Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the major causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of swine and is one of the reasons for severe economic loss in swine industry. In India, there is a considerable prevalence rate of PCV2 infection in pig population, PCV2d being the most prominent genotype. Proper sero-diagnosis and sero-surveillance of the disease is formulated as an effective control measure.

Emerging Nanotechnological Applications in Preserving and Improving the Shelf Life of Food.

The ever-growing demand for safe and nutritious food has activated the scrutinization of innovative approaches to enhance food preservation and extended shelf life. Nanotechnology has progressed by making a significant contribution to the food industry at the nanoscale level and appeared as a promising avenue for these challenges. Various nanomaterials have been employed to preserve and extend the shelf life of a variety of food products.

Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Chicken Infectious Anaemia Vaccine Induces Robust Immune Response in Chickens.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain R2B, with an altered fusion protein cleavage site, was used as a viral vector to deliver the immunogenic genes VP2 and VP1 of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) to generate a bivalent vaccine candidate against these diseases in chickens. The immunogenic genes of CIAV were expressed as a single transcriptional unit from the NDV backbone and the two CIA viral proteins were obtained as separate entities using a self-cleaving foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A protease sequence between them. The recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS-CAV) had similar growth kinetics as that of the parent recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS) in vitro with similar pathogenicity characteristics.

Molecular characterization of porcine circovirus 2 circulating in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh of India.

PCV2 is the primary etiological agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) which affect pigs worldwide. Currently, there is a worldwide genotype prevalence switch from PCV2b to PCV2d, which has led to increased virulence of the circulating virus strains leading to vaccine failures and selection pressure. In the present study, the PCV2 genotypes circulating in north eastern region (NER) of India particularly the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh was characterized by isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of gene.

Evaluation of the oncolytic property of recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain R2B in 4T1 and B16-F10 cells in-vitro.

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectors have gained a lot of interest for its oncolytic virus therapy and cancer immune therapeutic properties due to its selective replication to high titers in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to find out the oncolytic effects of mesogenic recombinant NDV strain R2B-GFP on murine mammary tumor cell line 4T1 and murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. The anti-tumor effects of R2B-GFP virus were studied via expression of virus transgene GFP in cancer cells, evaluating its cytotoxicity and cell migration efficacies by MTT and wound healing assays respectively.

In-silico designing of epitope-based vaccine against the seven banded grouper nervous necrosis virus affecting fish species.

Neural necrosis virus (NNV) of family Nodaviridae affect wide range of fish species with viral encephalopathy and retinopathy causing mass mortality up to 100%. Currently there is no effective treatment and depopulation is only suggested recommendation. New avenues and approach are required to control this harmful malady.

Newcastle disease virus vectored rabies vaccine induces strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses in mice.

Rabies is a devastating disease affecting almost all mammalian animal species including humans. Vaccines are available to combat the disease. Protection against the disease is rendered by assessing the humoral immune response.

Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing Sigma C Protein of Avian Reovirus (ARV) Protects against Both ARV and NDV in Chickens.

Newcastle disease (ND) and avian reovirus (ARV) infections are a serious threat to the poultry industry, which causes heavy economic losses. The mesogenic NDV strain R2B is commonly used as a booster vaccine in many Asian countries to control the disease. In this seminal work, a recombinant NDV strain R2B expressing the sigma C (σC) gene of ARV (rNDV-R2B-σC) was generated by reverse genetics, characterized in vitro and tested as a bivalent vaccine candidate in chickens.

Infectious bursal disease virus in chickens: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of young chickens. Although first observed about 60 years ago, to date, the disease is responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. IBD virus (IBDV), a double-stranded RNA virus, exists as two serotypes with only serotype 1 causing the disease in young chickens.

Evaluation of a fusion gene-based DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against Newcastle disease virus.

The low potency of genetic immunization has to date impeded development of commercial vaccines against major infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a fusion gene-based DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy to improve the efficacy of both DNA and subunit vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The fusion (F) protein, a viral surface glycoprotein, is responsible for the cell membrane fusion and spread, also is one of the major targets for immune response.

Serological profiling of rabies antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparative analysis with rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test in mouse model.

Aim: In this study, we have used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as an alternative test to replace the cumbersome rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) to ascertain the immune status of immunized mice against rabies virus.

Materials And Methods: Rabies is a devastating disease worldwide caused by rabies virus. Proper usage of pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccine can prevent the disease transmission.

Generation and evaluation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain R2B with an altered fusion protein cleavage site as a vaccine candidate.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious and fatal disease of chickens. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain R2B is an Indian mesogenic strain used for secondary vaccination in chickens. Mesogenic strains have increased virulence and immunogenicity but may cause disease in vaccinated birds, thus rendering them ineffective for use.

Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Bivalent Vaccine against Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease of Chickens.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain F is a lentogenic vaccine strain used for primary vaccination in day-old chickens against Newcastle disease (ND) in India and Southeast Asian countries. Recombinant NDV-F virus and another recombinant NDV harboring the major capsid protein VP2 gene of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV); namely rNDV-F and rNDV-F/VP2, respectively, were generated using the NDV F strain. The rNDV-F/VP2 virus was slightly attenuated, as compared to the rNDV-F virus, as evidenced from the mean death time and intracerebral pathogenicity index analysis.

Rescue of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain R2B expressing green fluorescent protein.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), strain R2B is a mesogenic vaccine strain used for booster vaccination in chickens against Newcastle disease in India and many south East Asian countries. A full-length cDNA clone of the virus was generated by ligating eight overlapping fragments generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction having unique restriction enzyme sites within them. This full-length cDNA clone was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences.

Development and evaluation of a Salmonella typhimurium flagellin based chimeric DNA vaccine against infectious bursal disease of poultry.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute immunosuppressive disease of young chicks, caused by a double-stranded RNA virus. VP2 being the major capsid protein of the virus is an ideal vaccine candidate possessing the neutralizing epitopes. The present study involves the use of flagellin (fliC) as a genetic adjuvant to improve the immune response of VP2 based DNA vaccine against IBD.

Analysis of Gill Structure from a Fresh Water Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) Exposed to Bleached Sulfite Pulp Mill Effluents.

The present communication reports toxic effects of bleached sulfite pulp mill effluents in fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) gills, with optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The general adverse effects include dilation of the primary lamellar wall, curling of secondary lamellar terminals, displacement of epithelial cell layers, degeneration of secondary lamella, deposition of mucous, and severe congestion in the gill arch. The significant shortening of secondary lamellae, widening of lamellar tips, and significant decrease in the number of mitochondria in chloride cells as compared to controls are some specific effects of bleached sulfite pulp mill effluents.

Protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine construct encoding the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease and a truncated HSP70 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in chickens.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, infectious, immunosuppressive disease affecting young chicken worldwide. The etiological agent IBD virus (IBDV) is a double stranded RNA virus with outer capsid protein VP2 of IBDV is the major antigenic determinant capable of inducing neutralizing antibody. DNA vaccines encoding VP2 has been extensively studied achieving only partial protection.