A Genetics Study in the Foreskin of Boys with Hypospadias.

Introduction: Hypospadias is a malformation of the genitourinary system in males, characterized by the placement of the urethral opening in the ventral surface of the penis. Although controversies continue about etiology, endocrine disrupting chemicals that disrupt normal endocrine signaling at the receptor or signal transduction level are thought to play an essential role in etiology. This study aimed to investigate the receptor gene expressions of the sex hormones and , and , which are considered to play an essential role in developing hypospadias.

Dorsal Versus Ventral Dartos Flap to Prevent Fistula Formation in Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty for Hypospadias.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of two different flap procedures for prevention of urethrocutaneous fistula in hypospadias patients undergoing tubularized incised plate urethroplasty .

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 89 patients who underwent hypospadias repair. The standard technique of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty was used.

Can serum Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 help in decision making for surgery in antenatally dedected hydronephrosis.

Introduction: Congenital obstructive uropathies are among leading reasons for renal failure in children. Answers to questions such as what the critical threshold of obstruction is or which degree of obstruction disrupts the development of the kidney still remain unclear. Several biomarkers such as Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1) and Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) may help clinicians in the clinical evaluation and appropriate planning of the disease.

Effective predictors for surgical decision in antenatal hydronephrosis: a prospective multiparameter analysis.

Objective: The majority of antenatal hydronephrosis disappears spontaneously. In our study, we have investigated the effective predictors for surgical decision in antenatal hydronephrosis.

Material And Methods: Forty-four patients found to have renal pelvic anteroposterior (AP) diameter more than 10-mm on antenatal ultrasonograpy were followed after birth.

Effectiveness of endoscopic balloon dilatation in grade 2a and 2b esophageal burns in children.

Purpose: To evaluate the predictability of the initial endoscopic evaluation of the effectiveness of endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) in childhood esophageal strictures caused by corrosive ingestion.

Material And Methods: Medical records of 635 endoscopies caused by corrosive ingestion between January 2000 and December 2015 in children between the ages of 0 and 18 years were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, five children with grade 2a and 15 with grade 2 b who developed esophageal strictures were evaluated for the effectiveness of endoscopic balloon dilatation.

A Diagnostic Dilemma for the Pediatrician: Radiolucent Tracheobronchial Foreign Body.

Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the role of clinical history, physical examinations, and radiological findings in the evaluation of patients with suspected radiolucent foreign body aspiration.

Methods: The medical records of 236 children (under the age of 18 years), on whom a rigid bronchoscopy was performed between 1999 and 2015 because of suspected radiolucent foreign body aspiration, were analyzed retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of clinical history, physical examinations, and radiological findings were evaluated.

The outcomes of two different bulking agents (dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer and polyacrylate-polyalcohol copolymer) in the treatment of primary vesico-ureteral reflux.

Purpose: Subureteral injection of bulking agents in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux is widely accepted therapy with high success rates. Although the grade of vesicoureteric reflux and experience of surgeon is the mainstay of this success, the characteristics of augmenting substances may have an effect particularly in the long term. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) with two different bulking agents: Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA) and Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (PPC).

Unusual complication of a urinary stone in a child: spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis with the migration of calculus into the retroperitoneum.

Spontaneous perforation of the renal pelvis and extravasation of urine into the perinephric space is an extremely rare condition in childhood. It is mostly related to underlying congenital urinary tract abnormalities and caused by urolithiasis or infection in the setting of urinary obstruction. Here, we report a case of an 18-month-old female patient with rupture of the renal pelvis by an extruded kidney stone and its management.

Dangerous Toys for Teenagers: Air Weapons.

Introduction: Air weapons are used for sport, hunting, firearm training or just for fun, especially by teenagers, worldwide. These weapons are generally regarded as toys, and injuries from these weapons are thought to be harmless by users, parents and even officials. Improvements in weapons technology make the penetration power of these toys similar to conventional hand guns.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion induced diaphragm contractility dysfunction: Electrophysiological and ultrastructural study in a neonatal rat model.

Aim: To evaluate the remote effect of intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on diaphragm contractility functions and whether administration of NAC may counteract the possible detrimental effects in an experimental neonatal rat model.

Methods: 40 Wistar rat pups were randomized into four groups; ten animals in each. Intestinal ischemia was conducted by obstructing mesentery of intestines by a silk loop.

Congenital laryngomucocele: a rare cause of airway obstruction in a newborn.

Congenital laryngoceles are defined as cystic dilatation of laryngeal saccules and are an extremely rare cause of newborn respiratory distress. A laryngomucocele occurs when the neck of the laryngocele gets obstructed and fills with the mucoid secretions of the saccule. It may cause stridor, respiratory distress, and severe airway obstruction in the narrow airway of a newborn and necessitates urgent surgical intervention.

A rare cause of childhood renal cysts: Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma.

Pediatric renal cysts are rare, usually asymptomatic and incidentally detected in children. Cyst associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or cystic RCC is extremely rare in children. Bosniak classification system has been accepted for the management of cystic renal masses.

Challenging diagnosis between intussusception and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.

Although necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a frequently encountered entity in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, intussusception is extremely rare. Abdominal distension, bilious/non-bilious gastric residuals and bloody stool are the common clinical findings of both entities. Here we present three cases of intussusception misdiagnosed as NEC, two of which were complicated with intestinal perforation.

Pyocalycosis: a report of two cases of complicated hydrocalycosis.

Hydrocalycosis is defined as cystic dilatation of a major calyx with a demonstrable connection to the renal pelvis and an epithelial lining of the cyst wall. Although this condition has long been known, there are no sufficient data concerning this pathology in the literature. In this study, we present two complicated hydrocalycosis--'pyocalycosis'--and discussed the therapeutic approaches.

Relationship of bladder dysfunction with upper urinary tract deterioration in cerebral palsy.

Although lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) has been previously documented by clinical observations and urodynamic tests, its correlation with upper urinary tract deterioration (UUTD) has not been demonstrated. This paper documents symptoms and urodynamic findings of LUTD and their relationship with UUTD in 33 children with CP. By sonography, 4 of these children were found to have UUTD.

Testicular torsion in the left inguinal canal in a patient with inguinal hernia: a difficult case to diagnose.

A 8 month old boy suffering from inconsolable cry and tenderness presented to our hospital. Ten hours had passed from the onset of his symptoms. Physical examination showed a tender mass on the left groin.

Pelvic floor tonicity affects urodynamic measurements in children with myelomeningocele.

Objective: In a cystometry procedure in a child with myelomeningocele (MMC), a pressure increase in the abdominal pressure (P (abd)) tracing was detected during filling. This pressure alteration was not related to other known events (straining, talking, rectal contractions). This study was conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

Pyeloureterostomy in the management of the lower pole pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in incomplete duplicated systems.

Objectives: To report our experience with the pyeloureterostomy (PU) for the treatment of the lower pole PUJO in incomplete duplex systems. The combination of the duplicated collecting system and pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is a rare association and infrequently reported. Surgical treatment can be challenging in such cases.

Effects of trapidil on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

There is increasing evidence to suggest that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a role in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of trapidil treatment against oxidative and nitrosative tissue injury of kidney induced by I/R. A renal I/R injury was induced by a left renal pedicle occlusion by ischemia for 45 minutes, followed by 1 hour of reperfusion with contralateral nephrectomy in I/R and I/R + trapidil groups.

[Does sepsis impair the healing of colonic anastomosis in splenectomized rats?].

Background: To investigate the effect of splenectomy on the healing of colonic anastomoses under normal and septic conditions.

Methods: Forty Wistar rats were assigned into six groups: group 1: sham, group 2: colonic anastomose, group 3: splenectomy, group 4: colonic anastomose plus sepsis, group 5: colonic anastomose plus splenectomy, group 6: colonic anastomose plus splenectomy plus sepsis. The rats underwent a standardized left colonic resection and primary anastomosis and/or splenectomy.

Protective effect of trapidil against oxidative organ damage in burn injury.

Animal models of thermal injury indicate reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines as causative agents in tissue injury on various organs distant from the original wound. Trapidil has various properties, such as inhibition of platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation as well as reduction of the inflammatory response to injury. This study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of trapidil treatment against oxidative organ damage in lung, intestine and kidney induced by cutaneous thermal injury.

Poly (adp-ribose) synthetase inhibition reduces oxidative and nitrosative organ damage after thermal injury.

Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) is a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA single-strand breakage, which can be triggered by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Activation of this enzyme depletes the intracellular concentration of energetic substrates such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Eventually, this process results in cell dysfunction and cell death.

An unusual cause for massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: Dieulafoy's lesion.

Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare cause of severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children and predominantly occurs in the proximal stomach. We report a case of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 3-year-old boy that originated from a Dieulafoy's lesion and was treated by epinephrine injection.