Resource-efficient photonic networks for next-generation AI computing.

Current trends in artificial intelligence toward larger models demand a rethinking of both hardware and algorithms. Photonics-based systems offer high-speed, energy-efficient computing units, provided algorithms are designed to exploit photonics' unique strengths. The recent implementation of cellular automata in photonics demonstrates how a few local interactions can achieve high throughput and precision.

Nonlinear processing with linear optics.

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable breakthroughs by leveraging multiple layers of data processing to extract hidden representations, albeit at the cost of large electronic computing power. To enhance energy efficiency and speed, the optical implementation of neural networks aims to harness the advantages of optical bandwidth and the energy efficiency of optical interconnections. In the absence of low-power optical nonlinearities, the challenge in the implementation of multilayer optical networks lies in realizing multiple optical layers without resorting to electronic components.

Effects of 8-week strength training on basal hormone levels, sex hormone binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, oxidative stress markers, and IL-6 levels in adolescent athletes.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate how 8-week strength training affects adolescent athletes' basal hormone concentrations, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), cytokine, and oxidative stress markers.

Methods: Twenty adolescent handball players participated in this study. The participants were randomly divided into the strength training group (ST, n = 10) and the control group (C, n = 10).

Electrowriting of SU-8 Microfibers.

As microfiber-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, melt electrowriting (MEW) and solution electrowriting (SEW) have demonstrated efficacy with more biomedically relevant materials. By processing SU-8 resin using MEW and SEW techniques, a material with substantially different mechanical, thermal, and optical properties than that typically processed is introduced. SU-8 polymer is temperature sensitive and requires the devising of a specific heating protocol to be properly processed.

Palliative care for in-patient malignant glioma patients in Germany.

Objective: Malignant gliomas impose a significant symptomatic burden on patients and their families. Current guidelines recommend palliative care for patients with advanced tumors within eight weeks of diagnosis, emphasizing early integration for malignant glioma cases. However, the utilization rate of palliative care for these patients in Germany remains unquantified.

Functional Outcomes in Conservatively vs Surgically Treated Cerebellar Infarcts.

Importance: According to the current American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines, decompressive surgery is indicated in patients with cerebellar infarcts that demonstrate severe cerebellar swelling. However, there is no universal definition of swelling and/or infarct volume(s) available to support a decision for surgery.

Objective: To evaluate functional outcomes in surgically compared with conservatively managed patients with cerebellar infarcts.

Early detection of aseptic bone necrosis post-cranioplasty: A retrospective CT analysis using Hounsfield units.

This study examined the efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-based Hounsfield units (HU) as early predictors of aseptic bone necrosis, a serious post-cranioplasty complication after autologous cranioplasty. In total, 100 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent autologous cranioplasty were included. The radiodensity of the bone flap was evaluated in HU from CT scans at five follow-up timepoints.

Leveraging artificial intelligence in neurosurgery-unveiling ChatGPT for neurosurgical discharge summaries and operative reports.

Purpose: Chat generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a novel large pre-trained natural language processing software that can enable scientific writing amongst a litany of other features. Given this, there is a growing interest in exploring the use of ChatGPT models as a modality to facilitate/assist in the provision of clinical care.

Methods: We investigated the time taken for the composition of neurosurgical discharge summaries and operative reports at a major University hospital.

Volume holograms with linear diffraction efficiency relation by (3 + 1)D printing.

We demonstrate the fabrication of volume holograms using two-photon polymerization with dynamic control of light exposure. We refer to our method as (3 + 1)D printing. Volume holograms that are recorded by interfering reference and signal beams have a diffraction efficiency relation that is inversely proportional to the square of the number of superimposed holograms.

Frailty in Traumatic Brain Injury-The Significance of Temporal Muscle Thickness.

Background: Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) on cranial CT scans has recently been identified as a prognostic imaging parameter for assessing a patient's baseline frailty. Here, we analyzed whether TMT correlates with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity and whether it can be used to predict outcome(s) after TBI.

Methods: We analyzed the radiological and clinical data sets of 193 patients with TBI who were admitted to our institution and correlated the radiological data with clinical outcomes after stratification for TMT.

Treatment of very elderly glioblastoma patients ≥ 75 years of age: whom to treat.

Purpose: The prognosis of patients ≥ 75 years suffering from glioblastoma is poor. Novel therapies are usually reserved for patients ≤ 70 years. In an aging population, treatment of very elderly patients remains a challenge.

Forward-forward training of an optical neural network.

Neural networks (NNs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various tasks, but their computation-intensive nature demands faster and more energy-efficient hardware implementations. Optics-based platforms, using technologies such as silicon photonics and spatial light modulators, offer promising avenues for achieving this goal. However, training multiple programmable layers together with these physical systems poses challenges, as they are difficult to fully characterize and describe with differentiable functions, hindering the use of error backpropagation algorithm.

Frailty in cerebellar ischemic stroke-The significance of temporal muscle thickness.

While comprising only 2% of all ischemic strokes, cerebellar strokes are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality due to their subtle initial presentation and the morbidity of posterior fossa swelling. Furthermore, low temporal muscle thickness (TMT) has recently been identified as a prognostic imaging parameter to assess patient frailty and outcome. We analyzed radiological and clinical data sets of 282 patients with cerebellar ischemic stroke.

Frequency of social burden and underage children in neuro-oncological patients.

Objective: Brain tumours can cause significant burden for patients and their families, including physical, psychological, and social challenges. This burden can be particularly difficult for patients with malignant brain tumours and those with underage children. However, the frequency of social burden among neuro-oncological patients and the proportion of patients with underaged children is currently unknown.

Tumor size, treatment patterns, and survival in neuro-oncology patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare delivery worldwide, leading to significant delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of malignant brain tumors, specifically glioblastoma (GBM) and cerebral metastasis (CM), in a specialized neuro-oncology center. We analyzed data from 236 patients diagnosed with previously unknown malignant brain tumors between January 2018 and December 2021.

Retrospective comparison of long-term functionality and revision rate of two different shunt valves in pediatric and adult patients.

Purpose: The most frequent therapy of hydrocephalus is implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunts for diverting cerebrospinal into the peritoneal cavity. We compared two adjustable valves, proGAV and proGAV 2.0, for complications resulting in revision surgery.

Ozone therapy as a novel complementary therapeutic approach in refractory idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.

Background: Autoimmunity may play a major role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). The therapeutic potential of ozone therapy has recently been shown in rheumatological diseases, and this study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in refractory IGM.

Methods: Patients with biopsy-verified IGM and incomplete response after steroid therapy ( = 47) between 2018 and 2021 were enrolled.

Blood Clots May Compromise Intracranial Pressure Measurement Using Air-Pouch Intracranial Pressure Probes.

: Air-pouch balloon-assisted probes have proven to be both simple and reliable tools for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. However, we experienced reproducible falsely high ICP measurements when the ICP probe was inserted into the intracerebral hematoma cavity. Thus, the aim of the experimental and translational study was to analyze the influence of ICP probe placement with regard to measured ICP values.

Reappraisal of Intracerebral Hemorrhages and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Grading Scale Score in Surgically and Medically Managed Cerebellar Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background: As compared with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH), bleeds that occur within the cerebellum require special consideration given the nature of the posterior fossa.

Objective: To validate ICH and ICH grading scale (ICH-GS) scores in patients with cerebellar hemorrhage and examine the outcomes of patients managed surgically as compared with those who underwent conservative treatment.

Methods: This observational multicenter study included 475 patients with cerebellar hemorrhage from 9 different neurosurgical departments in Germany between 2005 and 2021.

From 3D to 2D and back again.

The prospect of massive parallelism of optics enabling fast and low energy cost operations is attracting interest for novel photonic circuits where 3-dimensional (3D) implementations have a high potential for scalability. Since the technology for data input-output channels is 2-dimensional (2D), there is an unavoidable need to take 2D-nD transformations into account. Similarly, the 3D-2D and its reverse transformations are also tackled in a variety of fields such as optical tomography, additive manufacturing, and 3D optical memories.