Fetal growth assessed via ultrasound in relation to maternal HIV infection status and antiretroviral regimens.

Objective: To evaluate effects of maternal HIV and antiretroviral treatment (ART) on intrauterine fetal growth.

Design: Prospective cohort studies of HIV and ZIKA infection among women living with HIV (WLHIV) and women not living with HIV (WNLHIV) conducted in Brazil and the US from 2016 to 2020.

Methods: We evaluated fetal growth via repeated ultrasounds and calculated z scores for fetal growth measures using Intergrowth-21st standards among women with singleton pregnancies.

An International Prospective Cohort Study of HIV and Zika in Infants and Pregnancy (HIV ZIP): Study Protocol.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may adversely affect pregnancies of women living with HIV (WLHIV). Because no study to date has focused on maternal and child effects of HIV and ZIKV co-infection in pregnant women, we undertook the International Prospective Cohort Study of HIV and Zika in Infants and Pregnancy (HIV ZIP). The aims of this two-phase study of pregnant women and their infants are to compare the incidence of ZIKV infection among pregnant women with and without HIV infection and to determine the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with ZIKV/HIV co-infection at clinical sites in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the continental United States.

The HIV Continuum of Care for Adolescents and Young Adults Attending 13 Urban US HIV Care Centers of the NICHD-ATN-CDC-HRSA SMILE Collaborative.

Background: Almost one-quarter of all new HIV diagnoses in the United States occur among persons aged 13-24 years. These youths have the poorest HIV care continuum (HCC) outcomes, yet few empirical youth-specific data are available.

Methods: The Strategic Multisite Initiative for the Identification, Linkage, and Engagement in Care of HIV-infected youth (SMILE) helped HIV-infected (mostly newly diagnosed) youth, aged 12-24 years, link to youth-friendly care, and evaluated each milestone of the HCC (October 2012-September 2014).

HIV Continuum of Care for Youth in the United States.

Background: Beneficial HIV treatment outcomes require success at multiple steps along the HIV Continuum of Care. Youth living with HIV are a key population, and sites in the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) are known for modeling optimum HIV adolescent care.

Methods: A longitudinal cohort study conducted at 14 network sites across the United States assessed how the later steps of the Continuum of Care were achieved among the youth: engagement, treatment, and viral load (VL) suppression.

Exchange of Sex for Drugs or Money in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Examination of Sociodemographic Factors, HIV-Related Risk, and Community Context.

The goal of this research was to examine associations among sociodemographic factors, HIV risk, and community context (e.g., economic insecurity, job training, housing instability, crime victimization, and perceived community norms) in adolescents and young adults who ever exchanged sex for drugs or money.

Evaluation of the effect of human immunodeficiency virus-related structural interventions: the connect to protect project.

Importance: With the emphasis on structural-level interventions that target social determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission to curb the HIV epidemic, there is a need to develop evaluation models that can detect changes in individual factors associated with HIV-related structural changes.

Objective: To describe whether structural changes developed and achieved by community coalitions are associated with an effect on individual factors associated with the risk of contracting HIV.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this serial cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 8 cities during 4 rounds of annual surveys from March 13, 2007, through July 29, 2010.

HIV viral load levels and CD4+ cell counts of youth in 14 cities.

Objectives: To describe the HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts of youth (12-24 years) in 14 cities from March 2010 through November 2011.

Methods: Baseline HIV viral load and CD4 cell count data were electronically abstracted in a central location and in an anonymous manner through a random computer-generated coding system without any ability to link codes to individual cases.

Results: Among 1409 HIV reported cases, 852 participants had data on both viral load and CD4 cell counts.

Linkage to care for HIV-positive adolescents: a multisite study of the adolescent medicine trials units of the adolescent trials network.

Purpose: To understand linkage to care practices at sites providing clinical services to newly diagnosed HIV-positive adolescents.

Methods: Qualitative analysis of detailed interviews conducted with 28 personnel involved in linkage to care at 15 sites providing specialty care to HIV-positive adolescents.

Results: We showed that multiple models exist for linkage to care, and that both formal and informal community relationships are important for successful linkage to care.

Low bone mass in behaviorally HIV-infected young men on antiretroviral therapy: Adolescent Trials Network Study 021B.

Background: Peak bone mass is achieved in adolescence/early adulthood and is the key determinant of bone mass in adulthood. We evaluated the association of bone mass with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) during this critical period among behaviorally HIV-infected young men and seronegative controls.

Methods: HIV-positive men (N = 199) and HIV-negative controls (N = 53), ages 14-25 years, were studied at 15 Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions sites.

Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected youth: a randomized trial of three regimens.

Background: HIV-infected youth are at risk of hepatitis B infection and should be vaccinated. Previous reports suggest reduced response to standard hepatitis B vaccine regimens.

Methods: HIV-infected youth, aged 12 to younger than 25 years, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: Arm 1: Engerix B, 20 μg HBsAg; Arm 2: Engerix B (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium), 40 μg; and Arm 3: Twinrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium), 20 μg HBsAg combined with 720 ELU hepatitis A antigen.

Obesity and dyslipidemia in behaviorally HIV-infected young women: Adolescent Trials Network study 021.

Background: The goal of this study was to determine the nature and prevalence of abnormalities in lipids, glucose metabolism, and body composition in behaviorally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected young women and the relationship of these abnormalities to different classes of antiretroviral therapy regimens.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter study involving 173 behaviorally HIV-infected women aged 14-24 years and 61 HIV-seronegative control subjects. HIV-infected women were categorized as follows: antiretroviral therapy naive (n=85), receiving a regimen containing a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI; n=33), receiving a regimen containing a protease inhibitor (PI; n=36), or receiving a regimen not containing an NNRTI or a PI (n=19).

Recruitment and retention of adolescent participants in HIV research: findings from the REACH (Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health) Project.

Purpose: To evaluate the importance of 13 items in the recruitment and retention of HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescent participants in a longitudinal study (REACH study).

Methods: A confidential, self-administered, visual analog, cross-sectional survey was offered to active participants (November 1999-August 2000) with 438 subjects (86%) participating. Sixty-six percent of the cohort were HIV-positive and 34% were HIV-negative with a mean age of 17 years, and 76% were female.