In vitro percutaneous absorption and metabolism of Bisphenol A (BPA) through fresh human skin.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume compound. It is mainly used as a monomer to make polymers for various applications including food-contact materials. The primary route of exposure to BPA in the general population is through oral intake (EFSA 2015) however, other potential sources of exposure have also been identified, such as dermal contact.

Life-cycle studies with 2 marine species and bisphenol A: The mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia) and sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume compound primarily used to produce epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastic. Exposure to low concentrations of BPA occurs in freshwater and marine systems, primarily from wastewater treatment plant discharges. The dataset for chronic toxicity of BPA to freshwater organisms includes studies on fish, amphibians, invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants.

Quantitative analysis of unconjugated and total bisphenol A in human urine using solid-phase extraction and UPLC-MS/MS: method implementation, method qualification and troubleshooting.

The aim of the presented investigation was to document challenges encountered during implementation and qualification of a method for bisphenol A (BPA) analysis and to develop and discuss precautions taken to avoid and to monitor contamination with BPA during sample handling and analysis. Previously developed and published HPLC-MS/MS methods for the determination of unconjugated BPA (Markham et al. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34 (2010) 293-303) [17] and total BPA (Markham et al.

Extensive metabolism and route-dependent pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A (BPA) in neonatal mice following oral or subcutaneous administration.

Orally administered bisphenol A (BPA) undergoes efficient first-pass metabolism to produce the inactive conjugates BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G) and BPA-sulfate (BPA-S). This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of BPA, BPA-G and BPA-S in neonatal mice following the administration of a single oral or subcutaneous (SC) dose. This study consisted of 3 phases: (1) mass-balance phase in which effective dose delivery procedures for oral or SC administration of (3)H-BPA to postnatal day three (PND3) mice were developed; (2) pharmacokinetic phase during which systemic exposure to total (3)H-BPA-derived radioactivity in female PND3 mice was established; and (3) metabolite profiling phase in which 50 female PND3 pups received either a single oral or SC dose of (3)H-BPA.

Development of a method for the determination of total bisphenol a at trace levels in human blood and urine and elucidation of factors influencing method accuracy and sensitivity.

This publication describes a method for the determination of total bisphenol A (BPA and conjugated BPA) following enzyme hydrolysis and is intended as a companion to our previously developed analytical method for the determination of free BPA (the aglycone) in human blood and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ( 1). That free BPA method provided a means to account for and/or eliminate background contamination and demonstrated accuracy and reproducibility in both matrices fortified with BPA or a surrogate analyte ((13)C BPA) at a low method quantitation limit (MQL) of 0.1-0.

Adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, partial life-cycle reproductive and gonadal histopathology study with bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an intermediate used to produce epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Although BPA degrades rapidly in the environment with aquatic half-lives from 0.5 to 6 d, it can be found in aquatic systems because of widespread use.

Relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure to bisphenol A.

A comprehensive search of studies describing bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in drinking water and source waters (i.e., surface water and groundwater) was conducted to evaluate the relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure and risk.

Development of a method for the determination of bisphenol A at trace concentrations in human blood and urine and elucidation of factors influencing method accuracy and sensitivity.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used to make polymers including some used in food contact applications. Virtually complete presystemic clearance of orally administered BPA occurs in humans by metabolism to BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G), but some biomonitoring studies report low concentrations of free (parent) BPA in human blood and urine. Trace contamination of BPA from exogenous sources or hydrolysis of BPA-G to free BPA, either during or after biomonitoring specimen collection, may have contributed to the reported concentrations of free BPA.

Developmental neurotoxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in Sprague-Dawley rats.

This study was conducted to determine the potential of bisphenol A (BPA) to induce functional and/or morphological effects to the nervous system of F(1) offspring from dietary exposure during gestation and lactation according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for the study of developmental neurotoxicity.

Acute and chronic toxicity testing of bisphenol A with aquatic invertebrates and plants.

Bisphenol A (BPA, 4,4'-isopropylidine diphenol) is a commercially important chemical used primarily as an intermediate in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Extensive effect data are currently available, including long-term studies with BPA on fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and mollusks. The aim of this study was to perform additional tests with a number of aquatic invertebrates and an aquatic plant.

Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in CD-1 (Swiss) mice.

Dietary bisphenol A (BPA) was evaluated in a mouse two-generation study at 0, 0.018, 0.18, 1.

One-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary 17beta-estradiol (E2; CAS No. 50-28-2) in CD-1 (Swiss) mice.

There is no information on reproductive/developmental effects in mice from dietary estrogen. Therefore, 10 adult CD-1 mice/sex/group were administered dietary 17beta-estradiol (E2) at 0, 0.005, 0.

Two-generation reproductive toxicity evaluation of dietary 17beta-estradiol (E2; CAS No. 50-28-2) in CD-1 (Swiss) mice.

No information exists on reproductive/developmental effects in mice exposed to dietary 17beta-estradiol (E2) over multiple generations. Therefore, under OECD Test Guideline 416 with enhancements, CD-1 mice (F0 generation, 25 mice/sex/group) were exposed to dietary E2 at 0, 0.001, 0.

The Canadian Rheumatology Association/ Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada treatment recommendations for the management of spondyloarthritis: a national multidisciplinary stakeholder project.

Objective: Development of treatment recommendations for arthritis has traditionally relied on the compilation of evidence-based data by experts in the field despite recommendations by various bodies for broad stakeholder input. Our objectives were: (1) To develop evidence-based treatment recommendations for the management of spondyloarthritis (SpA) in Canada that also incorporate the perspective of multiple stakeholders. (2) To generate a procedural template for the multidisciplinary development of treatment recommendations.

Two generation reproduction study of ethylbenzene by inhalation in Crl-CD rats.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential adverse effects of ethylbenzene (EB) on reproductive capability from whole-body inhalation exposure of F0 and F1 parental animals.

Methods: Four groups of Crl:CD(SD)IGS BR rats (30/sex/group for F0 and 25/sex/group for F1) were exposed to 0, 25, 100, and 500 ppm EB for 6 hr/day for at least 70 consecutive days before mating. Inhalation exposure for the F0 and F1 females continued throughout mating, gestation through gestation day (GD) 20, and lactation days (LD) 5-21.

Efficacy of topical phenol decontamination strategies on severity of acute phenol chemical burns and dermal absorption: in vitro and in vivo studies in pig skin.

Pure phenol is colorless and used in the manufacture of phenolic resins, plastics, explosives, fertilizers, paints, rubber, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, paper, soap, and wood preservatives. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of several phenol decontamination strategies following dermal exposure using the pig as a model for human exposure, and then assess the effect of the two best treatments on phenol absorption in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). Six anesthetized Yorkshire pigs were exposed to 89% aqueous phenol for 1 min using Hilltop chambers (10 skin sites/pig; 400 microl/site).

Three-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in CD Sprague-Dawley rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) was evaluated at concentrations of 0, 0.015, 0.3, 4.

Two-generation reproduction study and immunotoxicity screen in rats dosed with phenol via the drinking water.

This study evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of phenol in a rat two-generation reproduction study, which included additional study endpoints, such as sperm count and motility, developmental landmarks, histological evaluation of suspect target organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, and thymus), weanling reproductive organ weights, and an immunotoxicity screening plaque assay. Phenol was administered to 30 Sprague-Dawley rats/sex/group in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 200, 1000, or 5000 ppm. Parental (P1) animals were treated for 10 weeks prior to mating, during mating, gestation, lactation, and until sacrifice.

Two-week (ten-day) inhalation toxicity and two-week recovery study of phenol vapor in the rat.

The toxicity of phenol vapor was evaluated in male and female Fischer 344 rats (20/sex/group) via flow-past nose-only inhalation exposure. The test animals were exposed to target concentrations of 0 (air control), 0.5, 5.

Normal reproductive organ development in Wistar rats exposed to bisphenol A in the drinking water.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used primarily as a monomer in the manufacture of numerous chemical products, such as epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential effects of BPA on sexual development of male rats and was designed to clarify low-dose observations reported as preliminary results by Sharpe et al. (1996).

Normal reproductive organ development in CF-1 mice following prenatal exposure to bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the manufacture of a multitude of chemical products, including epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BPA on male sexual development. This study, performed in CF-1 mice, was limited to the measurement of sex-organ weights, daily sperm production (DSP), epididymal sperm count, and testis histopathology in the offspring of female mice exposed to low doses of BPA (0, 0.

Differences in face touching by Japanese and British people.

The face touching behavior of Japanese and British subjects was compared under three different conditions, viz. listening to a lecture, listening to music and without a specially assigned task. The results showed that (1) British people did more frequent face touching than Japanese people and left hand usage was more prominent, while the Japanese did not show a hand difference in either the lecture listening or the no-task condition, (2) the duration of face touching did not differ between Japanese and British and (3) British people touched their chin and mouth frequently while Japanese touched their nose and eyes frequently.

Face touching in monkeys, apes and man evolutionary origins and cerebral asymmetry.

The evolution of face touching, i.e. the use of the hand to touch the individual's own face, was studied in monkeys, apes and man with the object of examining which hand is used and which part of the face is touched.