Oral manifestations of nine individuals with Williams syndrome. A case series.

Aims: Williams syndrome (WS) is a congenital developmental disorder characterized, mainly, by distinctive facial features, cardiovascular anomalies, growth delay and a typical neurobehavioral profile. The oral manifestations have not been sufficiently described and, therefore, the aim of the current study was to present the clinical, radiographic and microbiological findings of individuals with WS.

Methods And Results: A series of nine WS individuals (seven females) with mean age 21 years-old were evaluated.

Oral manifestations of eleven individuals with Noonan syndrome. A case series.

Aims: Noonan syndrome (NS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, and congenital heart defects. The oral manifestations have not been sufficiently described. In an attempt to enrich our understanding regarding the oral manifestations, the aim of the current study was to present the clinical, radiographic, and microbiological findings of eleven subjects with NS syndrome.

Oral health needs of athletes with intellectual disability in Southern Europe: Greece, Italy and Spain.

Aims: The population with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been reported to be a vulnerable population in terms of oral health. The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral condition and treatment needs of Special Olympics (SO) athletes from Greece, Italy and Spain.

Methods And Results: A cross-sectional study was performed with data collected in annual SO events held in Greece, Italy and Spain, between 2010 and 2012.

ACTN2 (rs6656267) and MPPED2 (rs11031093 and rs536007) polymorphisms in primary dentition caries: A case-control study.

Background: Dental caries represents one of the most common human diseases which can lead to pulpitis, pain, and tooth loss and can negatively affect growth and well-being. Although dietary and environmental factors have been extensively studied towards their contribution of the disease, genetic factors that contribute one's susceptibility over caries development remain rather clouded.

Aim: To investigate the possible contribution of ACTN2 (rs6656267) and MPPED2 (rs11031093 and rs536007) polymorphisms in primary dentition caries.

Peripheral Tumor with Osteodentin and Cementum-like Material in an Infant: Odontogenic Hamartoma or Odontoma?

The purpose of this report is to describe a peripheral tumor on the mandibular alveolar ridge of a seven-month-old Caucasian boy, consisting of ectomesencymal odontogenic tissues, in particular osteodentin and cementum-like material, in a cellular or loose vascular connective tissue stroma. This case may be considered either a peripheral odontogenic hamartoma or a peripheral odontoma.

Beyond the drugs: nonpharmacologic strategies to optimize procedural care in children.

Purpose Of Review: Painful and/or stressful medical procedures mean a substantial burden for sick children. There is good evidence that procedural comfort can be optimized by a comprehensive comfort-directed policy containing the triad of nonpharmacological strategies (NPS) in all cases, timely or preventive procedural analgesia if pain is an issue, and procedural sedation.

Recent Findings: Based both on well-established theoretical frameworks as well as an increasing body of scientific evidence NPS need to be regarded an inextricable part of procedural comfort care.

Perioperative considerations in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Purpose Of Review: Children with autism often present a challenge to the anesthesiologist. This review summarizes the current experiences and recommendations for the perioperative management of this unique group of patients.

Recent Findings: Autism is the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disorder in the world.

Hand-Schüler-Christian disease presenting with recurrent, bilateral, symmetrical mandibular lesions in an 8-year-old boy: report of a case.

Introduction: Hand-Schüller-Christian disease (HSC) is the unisystem multifocal form of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and is primarily seen in infants and children.

Case Report: An 8-year-old boy was referred for acute mandibular pain. His medical history included otic LCH and diabetes insipidus at age of 11 months.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a case report with premature teeth exfoliation and bone resorption.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insufficient production of cortisol. The aim of this case report was to present a child with CAH, premature exfoliation of primary teeth and accelerated eruption of his permanent teeth related to bone resorption. A 4.

Psychometric and biohormonal indices of dental anxiety in children. A prospective cohort study.

The stress of dental treatment often elicits negative emotions in children, expressed as dental fear or anxiety. Highly anxious children obstruct treatment and avoid therapy, further amplifying oral health problems. The aim of this study was to examine the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system responses to dental treatment and their possible interactions and associations with psychometric indices of anxiety, caries, previous dental experience, anesthesia, age and gender in school children.

Giant cell fibroma in children: report of two cases and literature review.

Background: Giant cell fibroma is a type of fibrous tumour of the oral mucosa which rarely affects children under the age of 10. The purpose of this paper was to contribute two clinically and histologically documented cases of giant cell fibroma in the free gingiva of a 7 and 6 year old boys.

Methods: Both nodules were presented in the mandibular anterior region.

Raisins and oral health.

Traditionally, raisins have been thought to promote dental caries due to their suspected "stickiness" and sugar content. Current research identifies some evidence contrary to traditional thought, suggesting that raisins may not contribute to dental caries. This article reviews new findings with regards to raisins and the 3 conditions that are thought to contribute to the formation of dental caries; low oral pH, adherence of food to teeth, and biofilm (bacterial) behavior.

Psychometric properties of Greek versions of the Modified Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the Dental Fear Survey (DFS).

Background: A growing body of literature describes the performance of dental fear questionnaires in various countries. We describe the psychometric properties of Greek versions of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) in adult Greek patients.

Methods: Greek versions of the MDAS and DFS were administered to two samples of adult dental patients.

Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale.

Background: The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) is a commonly used questionnaire which measures children's dental fear.

Objective: The aim of this study was to gather data to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Greek version of the CFSS-DS.

Methods: A sample of 260 children aged 4-12 completed the Greek version of the CFSS-DS while in the waiting room of a paediatric dentist.

Nitrous oxide-antinociception is mediated by opioid receptors and nitric oxide in the periaqueductal gray region of the midbrain.

Previous studies have shown that nitrous oxide (N(2)O)-induced antinociception is sensitive to antagonism by blockade of opioid receptors and also by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production. The present study was conducted to determine whether these occur within the same brain site. Mice were stereotaxically implanted with microinjection cannulae in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) area of the midbrain.

Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide.

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has been used for well over 150 years in clinical dentistry for its analgesic and anxiolytic properties. This small and simple inorganic chemical molecule has indisputable effects of analgesia, anxiolysis, and anesthesia that are of great clinical interest. Recent studies have helped to clarify the analgesic mechanisms of N(2)O, but the mechanisms involved in its anxiolytic and anesthetic actions remain less clear.

A study of the role of serotonin in the anxiolytic effect of nitrous oxide in rodents.

Rationale: In earlier studies, we have shown that nitrous oxide (N2O)-induced behavioral effects in rats and mice are mediated by benzodiazepine receptors.

Objectives: This two-part study was conducted in order to investigate the possible role of serotonin (5-HT) in the behavioral effects of N2O by clarifying its effects on regional brain concentrations of 5-HT and assessing the influence of 5-HT antagonist and reuptake inhibiting drugs on the anxiolytic-like behavioral effect of N2O.

Methods: In experiment A, male, 150-200 g Sprague-Dawley rats were killed following a 15-min exposure to room air or 70% N2O.