Retirement and Household Expenditure in Turbulent Times.

We examine how expenditure changes at retirement during an institutionally and economically uncertain period when a series of pension reforms and cuts were implemented. Overall, we fail to confirm that consumption declines at retirement using data from Greece (2008-2018). Any estimated declines come from turbulent years when major pension cuts were applied.

Revisiting the Relationship Between Price Regulation and Pharmaceutical R&D Investment.

Background: A trade-off exists between affordability of pharmaceutical products today and incentives for firms to provide new and better drugs in the future; an activity that prior studies suggest correlates with profitability, which in turn depends on price regulation.

Objective: In this paper we re-examined the relationship between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) intensity, and explored the role of profitability and cash flow in mediating this relation using the latest available data from 2000 to 2017 for the 10 most innovative pharmaceutical companies.

Methods: Following a framework similar to a previous study, we exploited stylized facts about sales volumes in Europe and USA, which give rise to variation in exposure to price regulation.

Programmable ribozymes for mischarging tRNA with nonnatural amino acids and their applications to translation.

Here we describe a novel technology that allows users to charge nonnatural amino acids onto any tRNA. This technology is based on a resin-immobilized ribozyme system, called Flexiresin. It enables users to readily and rapidly synthesize misacylated tRNAs with a wide variety of phenylalanine analogs.

Using a solid-phase ribozyme aminoacylation system to reprogram the genetic code.

Here, we report a simple and economical tRNA aminoacylation system based upon a resin-immobilized ribozyme, referred to as Flexiresin. This catalytic system features a broad spectrum of activities toward various phenylalanine (Phe) analogs and suppressor tRNAs. Most importantly, it allows users to perform the tRNA aminoacylation reaction and isolate the aminoacylated tRNAs in a few hours.