Temperature regulation in the Balkan spadefoot ( Karaman, 1928) at the beginning of nocturnal activity.

On land, the amphibians interact with the environment in a complex way-even small changes in the physiological conditions may significantly impact the behaviour and . In ectothermic tetrapods, the transition from inactive to active phase may be related to important changes in their thermal status. We studied the thermal ecology of adult Balkan spadefoots ( Karaman, 1928) in northeastern Bulgaria.