Effect of alternative fuels on the emissions of a passenger car under real-world driving conditions: a comparison of biodiesel, gas-to-liquid, coal to liquid.

Fossil fuel energy crisis and environmental pollution have initiated the scientific research on alternative fuels. Biodiesel (B100), gas to liquid (G100), and coal to liquid (C100) are superb selections to be substitutes for conventional diesel. To better investigate the emission characteristics of the alternative fuels mentioned above, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to carry out this study under real-world driving conditions.

Investigation of emission characteristics of a marine cargo ship in real-world conditions.

Pollution caused by ship emissions will considerably impact coastal areas. A test system that matched the actual conditions of a ship was designed based on a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), and the emission characteristic of gaseous and particle emissions and the particle size distribution of the ship's main engine were investigated under real-world operating conditions. The results showed that the emission concentrations of the main pollutants fluctuated greatly under the departure, anchoring, and docking conditions, and the peaks of CO, CO, and NO emissions appeared under these transient conditions.

Role of Altitude in Influencing the Spray Combustion Characteristics of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber. Part II: Impinging Diesel Jet.

Wall impingement, particularly liquid-wall impingement, has been demonstrated to be one of the critical causes of combustion deterioration in plateau diesel engines. Obviously, the complexity of wall impingement is exacerbated by the plateau scenario. However, fundamental studies specifically dedicated to this phenomenon are still inconclusive and insufficiently detailed, obviating the feasibility of the targeted design and optimization of diesel engines operating in regions with different altitudes.

Effect of catalyst diesel particulate filter aging and catalyst loadings on particulate emission characteristics from a diesel vehicle.

In this study, the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass (PM), particle number (PN), particle size distribution (PSD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer. Results showed that more than 97.9% of the PN and 95.

Study on the Catalytic Characteristics of Precious Metal Catalysts with Different Pt/Pd Ratios for Soot Combustion.

Soot particles in engine exhaust seriously pollute the atmosphere and endanger human health. For soot oxidation, Pt and Pd precious metal catalysts are widely used and are effective. In this paper, the catalytic characteristics of catalysts with different Pt/Pd mass ratios for soot combustion were studied through X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, the temperature-programmed oxidation reaction, and thermogravimetry.

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine.

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption, gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption. The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon (HC) increased with the engine load.

Study on the real-world emission characteristics of gaseous and particulate pollutants from an inland ship using a portable emission measurement system.

The emissions of pollutants from inland ships endanger the urban environment and human health, deserving quantitative study to make reduction measurements to achieve clean emissions. In this study, the real-world gaseous emissions (CO, THC, SO, NOx) and particulate emissions including particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN) as well as the particle size distribution and particle compositions from an inland ship were investigated using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) method. The results showed that the emission concentrations of CO, THC, PM and PN at departure and idling conditions were significantly higher than those at other conditions, while the emission concentrations of NOx and SO at cruising condition were the highest.

Experimental evaluation of DPF performance loaded over Pt and sulfur-resisting material for marine diesel engines.

Different from vehicle engines, Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) inactivation is an unavoidable issue for low-speed marine diesel engines fueled with Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). This paper introduced a sulfur resisting material in Silicon Carbide (SiC)-DPF to improve DPF performance. The results of bench-scale experiments showed that the Balance Point Temperature of the modified DPF module was 300°C and DPF modules had a good filtration performance, with Particulate Matters (PMs) residual being less than 0.

Investigation of sniffer technique on remote measurement of ship emissions: A case study in Shanghai, China.

Shipping emissions have aroused wide concern in the world. In order to promote the implementation of emission regulations, this study develop a ship based sniffing technique to perform remote measurement of the SO2, NOx and CO2 from ships entering and leaving Shanghai port at the open sea. The ship emission prediction model, Smoke diffusion model and source identification model were developed to automatically analyze the emission data and screen the object ship source based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) system.

Experimental investigation on the effects of DPF Cs-V-based non-precious metal catalysts and their coating forms on non-road diesel engine emission characteristics.

Non-precious metal catalysts with good soot catalytic properties and a low cost have great potential for application in diesel particulate filters (DPF). In this study, we compared the effects of DPF supported by CsVO (Cs-V-based) non-precious metal catalysts and conventional Pt-Pd-based precious metal catalysts on the performance of a non-road diesel engine. Furthermore, the effects of on-wall coating and in-wall coating of Cs-V-based catalysts on DPF performance were also investigated.

Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Combined with Selective Catalytic Reduction on NO Emission Characteristics and Their Matching Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine.

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have become important technologies to reduce the NO emission of heavy-duty diesel engines and meet the increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper studied the effect of EGR combined with SCR on the NO emission characteristics of a heavy-duty diesel engine based on the engine bench test. The results showed that the NO reduction rate of EGR-coupled SCR increased with the increase of engine load, and the effect was no longer significant when the NO reduction rate exceeded a certain limit under the same working conditions.

Study on the Emission Characteristics of Urban Buses at Different Emission Standards Fueled with Biodiesel Blends.

Biodiesel is a promising clean and alternative fuel that can meet the demand of energy saving and environmental protection. In this study, the effects of biodiesel blends on the gaseous and particulate emission characteristics of China-III, IV, and V urban buses were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer. The results showed that the biodiesel blend resulted in a reduction in CO, THC, PN, and PM emission but an increase in the NOx and CO emission, and the effects were enhanced with the biodiesel ratio, which also depended on the bus speed.

Experimental Study on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics Based on Different Exhaust Pipe Coating Schemes.

The thermal insulation performance of exhaust pipes coated with various materials (basalt and glass fiber materials) under different braiding forms (sleeve, winding and felt types) and the effects on the emission characteristics of diesel engines were experimentally studied through engine bench tests. The results indicated that the thermal insulation performance of basalt fiber was higher than that of glass fiber, and more notably advantageous at the early stage of the diesel engine idle cold phase. The average temperature drop during the first 600 s of the basalt felt (BF) pipe was 2.

Fuel Consumption Modeling of a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine Based on a Partially Shared Neural Network.

Fuel consumption is the most important parameter that characterizes the fuel economy of the engines. Instead of manual fuel consumption calibration based on the experience of engineers, the establishment of a fuel consumption model greatly reduces the time and cost of multiparameter calibration and optimization of modern engines and realizes the further exploration of the engine fuel economy potential. Based on the bench test, one-dimensional engine simulation, and design of experiment, a partially shared neural network with its sampling and training method to establish the engine fuel consumption model is proposed in this paper in view of the lack of discrete working conditions in the traditional neural network model.

Interactions between Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends and Elastomer Materials in the Diesel Engine.

Used cooking oil (UCO) biodiesel may be one of the most potential alternative fuels in China to lower the dependency on crude oil for transportation. An experimental study has been conducted to assess the interactions between biodiesel produced from UCO in Shanghai and elastomer materials on high-speed marine diesel engines by immersing elastomer materials into conventional fossil diesel, 5, 10, and 20%, of a volumetric blending ratio of UCO biodiesel and pure UCO biodiesel. The test duration is 168 h at different temperatures of 25, 50, and 70 °C.

Study on the Effects of EGR and Spark Timing on the Combustion, Performance, and Emissions of a Stoichiometric Natural Gas Engine.

This paper involved conducting an experimental investigation on the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and spark timing on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a China-VI heavy-duty, natural gas engine fueled with high-methane content. The results showed that increasing the EGR rate extends the spark timing range and slows the combustion. This then increases ignition delay, prolongs combustion duration, and decreases heat release rate.

Experimental study on the emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine equipped with different after-treatment devices.

A comparative experiment was conducted based on a non-road diesel engine to investigate the effects of two after-treatment devices on the engine's emission characteristics as well as their power and fuel consumption performances. The first after-treatment device is a combination of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). The second device is a single CDPF-coated improved noble metal catalyst.

Emission reduction characteristics of a catalyzed continuously regenerating trap after-treatment system and its durability performance.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a catalyzed continuously regenerating trap (CCRT) system composed of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) on the main gaseous and particulate emissions from an urban diesel bus, as well as the durability performance of the CCRT system. Experiments were conducted based on a heavy chassis dynamometer, and a laboratory activity test as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) test were applied to evaluate the changes of the aged CCRT catalyst. Results showed that the CCRT could reduce the CO by 71.

A phenomenological model for particle number and size distributions of a diesel engine with a diesel oxidation catalyst.

Particle number is a key index for evaluating particulate emissions, and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) are one of the most important technologies for controlling the particulate emissions of a diesel engine. In this paper, a novel phenomenological one-dimensional model was established to predict particle number and size distributions at a DOC outlet with the aim of investigating the effects of DOC on particle number emissions. The phenomenological model consisted of two submodels: submodel-1, a global kinetic model for calculating particle size in particle number and size distributions after particles had passed through the DOC, and submodel-2, an original global parametric model for calculating the particle number at the DOC outlet.

Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions.

On-board emissions measurements were performed on a Handysize-class bulk carrier operating under real-world conditions. Emission factors (EFs) were determined for criteria pollutants such as NO, CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), and PM; PM composition, including organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), inorganic species, and a variety of organic compounds and VOC species (including alkanes, alkenes, single-ring aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs) were also analyzed. To investigate the impacts of engine type, fuel, and operating conditions on emissions, measurements were conducted on one main and one auxiliary engines using low- and high-sulfur fuels (LSF and HSF) under actual operating conditions, including at-berth, maneuvering, and cruising at different engine loads.

[Particulate Component Emission Characteristic from a Diesel Bus with DOC and CDPF].

A diesel bus was tested with a China City Bus Cycle (CCBC) on a heavy chassis dynamometer, and the components of the particulate emissions with different after-treatment equipment were investigated. Results showed that OC was less than EC in the particulates of the bus emissions without the use of after-treatment equipment. The organic components were mainly fatty acids (60.

[Emission Characteristics of Particulate Matter from Diesel Buses Meeting Different China Emission Standards Fueled with Biodiesel].

Based on heavy chassis dynamometer, an experimental study was conducted in diesel buses compliant with China Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ emissions standards respectively, fueled with three different blends of petroleum diesel/biodiesel (0%,5%and 10%, biodiesel blends), which investigated the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emission under CCBC driving cycle. Results of study showed that the total PM number and mass emission from China Ⅴ bus respectively decreased by 68.1%,56.