The utility of Streptococcus mutans undecaprenol kinase for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of diverse non-natural isoprenoids.

Isoprene chemoenzymatic cascades (ICCs) overcome the complexity of natural pathways by leveraging a streamlined two-enzyme cascade, facilitating efficient synthesis of C5-isoprene diphosphate precursors from readily available alcohol derivatives. Despite the documented promiscuity of enzymes in ICCs, exploration of their potential for accessing novel compounds remains limited, and existing methods require additional enzymes for generating longer-chain diphosphates. In this study, we present the utility of Streptococcus mutans undecaprenol kinase (SmUdpK) for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of diverse non-natural isoprenoids.

The "Forgotten" Subtypes of Breast Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Selected Histological Variants Not Included or Not Recognized as Distinct Entities in the Current World Health Organization Classification of Breast Tumors.

Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women. Nineteen different subtypes of breast carcinomas are recognized in the current WHO classification of breast tumors. Except for these subtypes, there are a number of carcinomas with special morphologic and immunohistochemical features that are not included in the 5th WHO classification, while others are considered special morphologic patterns of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type.

Chemoenzymatic Modification of Daptomycin: Aromatic Group Installation on Trp1.

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, including multi-drug resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The emergence of daptomycin-resistant bacterial strains has renewed interest in generating daptomycin analogs. Previous studies have shown that replacing the tryptophan of daptomycin with aromatic groups can generate analogs with enhanced potency.

Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis from Ovarian Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: Axillary lymph node metastasis is a rare stage IV ovarian carcinoma manifestation. This manuscript aims to systematically review the literature regarding axillary lymph node metastasis from ovarian carcinoma.

Methods: We searched three medical internet databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for relevant articles published until 22 July 2023.

Breast Cancer and Fertility Preservation in Young Female Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Introduction: Breast cancer affects almost 1.5 million women worldwide below the age of 45 years each year. Many of these women will be advised to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy to minimize the risk of death or recurrence of the tumor.

Unlocking New Prenylation Modes: Azaindoles as a New Substrate Class for Indole Prenyltransferases.

Aza-substitution, the replacement of aromatic CH groups with nitrogen atoms, is an established medicinal chemistry strategy for increasing solubility, but current methods of accessing functionalized azaindoles are limited. In this work, indole-alkylating aromatic prenyltransferases (PTs) were explored as a strategy to directly functionalize azaindole-substituted analogs of natural products. For this, a series of aza-l-tryptophans (Aza-Trp) featuring -substitution of every aromatic CH position of the indole ring and their corresponding cyclic Aza-l-Trp-l-proline dipeptides (Aza-CyWP), were synthesized as substrate mimetics for the indole-alkylating PTs FgaPT2, CdpNPT, and FtmPT1.

The Correlation Between Progesterone and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis.

Higher mammographic breast density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women is related to a higher breast cancer risk. In this review, we analyze the correlation between estrogen, progesterone, and mammographic density in postmenopausal women and clarify whether these findings are consistent across different types of mammographic breast density. We extracted data concerning mammographic density increases in the populations treated with estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy and those treated with estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy.

A Case of Prostatic Signet-Ring Cell-like Carcinoma with Pagetoid Spread and Intraductal Carcinoma and Long-Term Survival: PD-L1 and Mismatch Repair System Proteins (MMR) Immunohistochemical Evaluation with Systematic Literature Review.

Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is the second most common malignancy in men globally. Signet-ring cell-like adenocarcinoma (SRCC) is a very rare PA subtype, with around 200 cases reported in the English literature. Histologically, the tumor cells show a vacuole compressing the nucleus to the periphery.

Fibroadenoma Arising in Axillary Ectopic Breast Tissue. A Diagnostic Challenge.

Ectopic or accessory breast tissue may occur in primitive embryonic milk lines or locations other than the milk line. The same pathology arising in breast tissue may occur less frequently in ectopic breast tissue. Fibroadenomas rarely occur in ectopic breast tissue, with less than 50 reported cases in the English literature, despite being the most common benign breast neoplasms.

Mammary Myofibroblastoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.

Mammary myofibroblastoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and a variable number of adipocytes. Mammary myofibroblastoma usually occurs in men of older age and is less common in postmenopausal women. It may also happen in extramammary sites along the milk line.

Plexiform tumorlet in a woman with postmenopausal endometrioid endometrial carcinoma taking tamoxifen for breast cancer: A case report.

Leiomyomas are the most common benign smooth muscle tumors of the female genital tract. Among the recognized histologic variants, one of the least common is plexiform leiomyoma. When they are small, even microscopic findings, they are referred to as plexiform tumorlets.

Effect of Aromatase Inhibitors on Serum Calprotectin Levels in an Animal Experimental Model: Trial.

Background/aim: Utilizing an experimental animal model, we investigated the correlation between aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (anastrozole and letrozole) and Calprotectin levels. AIs have demonstrated superior efficacy when used as adjuvant endocrine therapy or monotherapy for postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive early-stage breast cancer, although various side effects have been recorded.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-five adult female Wistar rats were randomized and assigned into four groups.

Local recurrence for phyllodes tumours of the breast: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of the present systematic review was the determination of methodologies preferable for treating phyllodes tumors (PTs) of the breast and whether the malignancy of the tumor is of significance to the selected treatment. In addition, to investigate if local recurrence (LR) within patients is different based on the therapeutic approach followed by the physician. All studies were gathered by utilization of the biggest online medical databases in the world including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar.

Serum Concentration of Selected Angiogenesis-Related Molecules Differs among Molecular Subtypes, Body Mass Index and Menopausal Status in Breast Cancer Patients.

Background: Angiogenesis is a hallmark of breast cancer (BC) and is mediated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling axis. It is regulated by different proangiogenic factors, including platelet-derived growth factor-CC (PDGF-CC) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), as well as co-receptors, such as neuropilin-1, which could have prognostic implications in BC patients.

Patients And Methods: We assessed the serum levels of VEGF, HB-EGF, PDGF-CC and neuropilin-1 in 205 patients with early BC (invasive, = 187; in situ, = 18) and in 31 healthy donors (HD) and investigated the potential associations with clinical and histopathological parameters.

Metaplastic Matrix-Producing Carcinoma and Apocrine Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Associated with Microglandular Adenosis: A Unique Case Report.

Microglandular adenosis is a non-lobulocentric haphazard proliferation of small round glands composed of a single layer of flat to cuboidal epithelial cells. The glandular structures lack a myoepithelial layer; however, they are surrounded by a basement membrane. Its clinical course is benign, when it is not associated with invasive carcinoma.

Novel Homologs of Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase Reveal Class-Wide Substrate Flexibility.

The widespread utility of isoprenoids has recently sparked interest in efficient synthesis of isoprene-diphosphate precursors. Current efforts have focused on evaluating two-step "isoprenol pathways," which phosphorylate prenyl alcohols using promiscuous kinases/phosphatases. The convergence on isopentenyl phosphate kinases (IPKs) in these schemes has prompted further speculation about the class's utility in synthesizing non-natural isoprenoids.

Sulfoglycodendrimer Therapeutics for HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.

Hexavalent sulfoglycodendrimers (SGDs) are synthesized as mimics of host cell heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to inhibit the early stages in viral binding/entry of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Using an HIV neutralization assay, the most promising of the seven candidates are found to have sub-micromolar anti-HIV activities. Molecular dynamics simulations are separately implemented to investigate how/where the SGDs interacted with both pathogens.

Indole C6 Functionalization of Tryprostatin B Using Prenyltransferase CdpNPT.

Tryprostatin A and B are prenylated, tryptophan-containing, diketopiperazine natural products, displaying cytotoxic activity through different mechanisms of action. The presence of the 6-methoxy substituent on the indole moiety of tryprostatin A was shown to be essential for the dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and tubulin polymerization. However, the inability to perform late-stage modification of the indole ring has limited the structure-activity relationship studies of this class of natural products.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast: A case study.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a superficial mesenchymal neoplasm that originates from the dermal fibroblasts and tends to be locally aggressive. Although infrequent, it is one of the most common cutaneous sarcomas. It mainly affects young and middle-aged patients 20 to 50 years old.

Acceptor substrate determines donor specificity of an aromatic prenyltransferase: expanding the biocatalytic potential of NphB.

Aromatic prenyltransferases are known for their extensive promiscuity toward aromatic acceptor substrates and their ability to form various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Of particular interest among the prenyltransferases is NphB, whose ability to geranylate cannabinoid precursors has been utilized in several in vivo and in vitro systems. It has therefore been established that prenyltransferases can be utilized as biocatalysts for the generation of useful compounds.

Matrix-producing Breast Carcinoma: A Rare Subtype of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma.

Matrix-producing carcinoma (MPC) is a rare subtype of metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) that was first described in 1989 by Wargotz and Norris. It accounts for less than 1% of breast carcinomas and has distinctive clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features. Histologically it consists of invasive carcinoma of no special type with transition to cartilaginous or osseous matrix without a spindle cell component.

Primary Pulmonary Involvement in Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma.

Pulmonary nodules have a broad differential diagnosis with primary lung cancer, lung metastases, benign tumors, carcinoid tumors, and infectious granulomas as their common cause. While relatively rare, pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders such as primary pulmonary lymphomas, primary pulmonary plasmacytomas, secondary lymphomas involving the lung, multiple myeloma involving the lung, leukemias involving the lung should be considered in these patients presenting with lung nodules. Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is an extremely rare lung tumor accounting for 0.

A case of pulmonary actinomycosis presented with endobronchial involvement.

Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare infectious disease, which is characterized by a wide range of symptoms and no specific imaging findings and may be confused with neoplasia, tuberculosis or pneumonia. Endobronchial involvement of actinomycosis may be caused by aspiration of foreign bodies or broncholithiasis and may bronchoscopically masquerade as malignancy. A case of 68-year-old man is reported, who presented with productive cough and fever and had no response to antibiotic therapy with moxifloxacin.