Characteristics of multi-layer coating formed on commercially pure titanium for biomedical applications.

An innovative multi-layer coating comprising a bioactive compound layer (consisting of hydroxyapatite and calcium titanate) with an underlying titanium oxide layer (in the form of anatase and rutile) has been developed on Grade 4 quality commercially pure titanium via a single step micro-arc oxidation process. Deposition of a multi-layer coating on titanium enhanced the bioactivity, while providing antibacterial characteristics as compared its untreated state. Furthermore, introduction of silver (4.

A comparative cost analysis study of lobectomy performed via video-assisted thoracic surgery versus thoracotomy in Turkey.

Introduction: Cost analysis studies performed in western countries report that the overall cost of lobectomies performed via video-assisted thoracic surgery is similar to or less than those performed via thoracotomy. The situation may be different in a developing country.

Aim: We evaluated the cost differences of these two surgical methods.