Relationship of defense styles with history of childhood trauma and personality in heroin dependent inpatients.

In the present study the defense styles were assessed in heroin dependent inpatients to verify whether they used less adaptive defense mechanisms compared to healthy controls and to evaluate if immature defense styles are related with childhood traumas, while controlling the effect of age, temperament and character on this relationship in male heroin dependent inpatients. Participants were consecutively admitted 109 male heroin dependent inpatients and 60 healthy controls. Patients were investigated with the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and Temperament and Character Inventory.

Relationship between defense styles, alexithymia, and personality in alcohol-dependent inpatients.

In the present study, the defense styles were assessed in alcohol-dependent patients to verify whether they used less adaptive defense mechanisms compared with healthy controls and to evaluate if immature defense styles (IDSs) are related with alexithymia, while controlling the effect of age, temperament, and character on this relationship in male alcohol-dependent inpatients. Participants were consecutively admitted 118 male alcohol-dependent inpatients and 60 healthy controls. Patients were investigated with the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory.