Innate Immune Response and Epigenetic Regulation: A Closely Intertwined Tale in Inflammation.

Maintenance of delicate homeostasis is very important in various diseases because it ensures appropriate immune surveillance against pathogens and prevents excessive inflammation. In a disturbed homeostatic condition, hyperactivation of immune cells takes place and interplay between these cells triggers a plethora of signaling pathways, releasing various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), Interferon-gamma (IFNƴ), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which marks cytokine storm formation. To be precise, dysregulated balance can impede or increase susceptibility to various pathogens.

Decoding systems immunological model of sphingolipids with IL-6/IL-17/IL-23 axes in L. major infection.

IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and IL-1β are the crucial cytokines controlling inflammatory and immune response during L. major infection. During cutaneous leishmaniasis, an important T helper cell type CD4 Th17 subset plays a deterministic role in lesion formation through channelling infected macrophages and production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23 and IFN-γ.