Effects of blinded and nonblinded sequential human redundancy on inspection effort and inspection outcome in low prevalence visual search.

Human redundancy is often used in safety-critical domains to help protect against errors. For example, mammograms are read by two radiologists, or the dose of a drug is calculated by two physicians who perform the task redundantly one after the other. However, the expected reliability gain may be compromised by social loafing (SL), i.

Lean back or lean in? Exploring social loafing in human-robot teams.

Thanks to technological advances, robots are now being used for a wide range of tasks in the workplace. They are often introduced as team partners to assist workers. This teaming is typically associated with positive effects on work performance and outcomes.

Sequential human redundancy: Can social loafing diminish the safety of double checks?

It is often assumed that if two people work on a failure-detection task one after the other, they will observe more failures than when only one person undertakes the task (4-eyes principle). However, human beings have also been found to exert less effort on tasks that they share responsibility for, a phenomenon called . In the current research, we assessed the effectiveness of sequential human redundancy in light of possible social loafing.

Redundant Automation Monitoring: Four Eyes Don't See More Than Two, if Everyone Turns a Blind Eye.

Background: In safety-critical and highly automated environments, more than one person typically monitors the system in order to increase reliability.

Objective: We investigate whether the anticipated advantage of redundant automation monitoring is lost due to social loafing and whether individual performance feedback can mitigate this effect.

Method: In two experiments, participants worked on a multitasking paradigm in which one task was the monitoring and cross-checking of an automation.