Cognitive Performance during the Development of Diabetes in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat.

Increased insulin levels may support the development of neural circuits involved in cognition, while chronic mild inflammation may also result in cognitive impairment. This study aimed to gain more insight into whether cognition is already impacted during adolescence in a genetic rat model for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Visual discrimination learning throughout adolescence and the level of motivation during early adulthood were investigated in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) obese and ZDF lean rats using operant touchscreens.

Arterial wall inflammation assessed by 18F-FDG-PET/CT is higher in individuals with Type 1 diabetes and associated with circulating inflammatory proteins.

Aims: The article investigates whether chronic hyperglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with a proinflammatory immune signature and with arterial wall inflammation, driving the development of atherosclerosis.

Methods And Results: Patients with T1D (n = 41), and healthy age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls (n = 20) were recruited. Arterial wall inflammation and haematopoietic activity were measured with 2'-deoxy-2'-(18F)-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

Early development of infant gut microbiota in relation to breastfeeding and human milk oligosaccharides.

Background: Infant gut microbiota composition is influenced by various factors early in life. Here, we investigate associations between infant gut microbiome development, infant age, breastfeeding duration, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) composition in breastmilk.

Methods: A total of 94 mother-infant pairs were recruited as part of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) (Cambridge, UK).

Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth.

Butyrate in human milk (HM) has been suggested to reduce excessive weight and adipo-sity gains during infancy. However, HM butyrate's origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants ( = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks.

A systematic review of breast milk microbiota composition and the evidence for transfer to and colonisation of the infant gut.

The intestinal microbiota plays a major role in infant health and development. However, the role of the breastmilk microbiota in infant gut colonisation remains unclear. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the composition of the breastmilk microbiota and evidence for transfer to/colonisation of the infant gut.

Associations between breast milk intake volume, macronutrient intake and infant growth in a longitudinal birth cohort: the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF).

Growth patterns of breastfed infants show substantial inter-individual differences, partly influenced by breast milk (BM) nutritional composition. However, BM nutritional composition does not accurately indicate BM nutrient intakes. This study aimed to examine the associations between both BM intake volumes and macronutrient intakes with infant growth.

Lipidome Analysis in Brain and Peripheral Plasma Following Milk Fat Globule Membrane Supplementation in Rodents.

Scope: Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is an essential component of milk. Bovine MFGM (bMFGM) has been shown to support cognitive development and increase relative concentrations of serum phospholipids. This study investigates bioavailability of bMFGM components after oral administration in two preclinical models to explore whether dietary bMFGM induces parallel changes to plasma and brain lipidomes.

Early weight gain influences duration of breast feeding: prospective cohort study.

Objective: While several studies have shown that milk formula feeding is associated with faster infant weight gain compared with exclusively breast feeding (EBF), we explored the possible reverse association that infant weight gain influences the duration of EBF.

Design: Prospective birth cohort study (Cambridge Baby Growth Breastfeeding Study) born 2015-2018.

Setting: Cambridge, UK.

Bone marrow transplantation induces changes in the gut microbiota that chronically increase the cytokine response pattern of splenocytes.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) involves conditioning regimens which acutely induce side effects, including systemic inflammation, intestinal damage and shifts in the gut microbial composition, some of which may persist chronically. As the gut microbiota affect systemic immune responses, we aimed to investigate whether, post-BMT, the peripheral immune system is modulated as a direct consequence of alterations in the gut microbiota. We show that 24 weeks post-BMT, splenocytes but not peritoneal macrophages display increased cytokine response patterns upon ex-vivo stimulation with various pathogens as compared to untreated controls.

Milk fat globule membrane attenuates high fat diet-induced neuropathological changes in obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice.

Background: Milk-fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex structure secreted by the mammary gland and present in mammalian milk. MFGM contains lipids and glycoproteins as well as gangliosides, which may be involved in myelination processes. Notably, myelination and thereby white matter integrity are often altered in obesity.

Extensive Study of Breast Milk and Infant Growth: Protocol of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF).

Growth and nutrition during early life have been strongly linked to future health and metabolic risks. The Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS), a longitudinal birth cohort of 2229 mother-infant pairs, was set up in 2001 to investigate early life determinant factors of infant growth and body composition in the UK setting. To carry out extensive profiling of breastmilk intakes and composition in relation to infancy growth, the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) was established upon the original CBGS.

Hyperglycemic Memory of Innate Immune Cells Promotes In Vitro Proinflammatory Responses of Human Monocytes and Murine Macrophages.

It has been well established that the presence of diabetes is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory state promoting various diabetes-associated complications. One potential driver of this enhanced inflammatory state in patients with diabetes is hyperglycemia. Even after blood glucose control is achieved, diabetes-associated complications persist, suggesting the presence of a "hyperglycemic memory.

Lipid ratios representing SCD1, FADS1, and FADS2 activities as candidate biomarkers of early growth and adiposity.

Background: Altered lipid metabolism in early life has been associated with subsequent weight gain and predicting this could aid in obesity prevention and risk management. Here, a lipidomic approach was used to identify circulating markers for future obesity risk in translational murine models and validate in a human infant cohort.

Methods: Lipidomics was performed on the plasma of APOE*3 Leiden, Ldlr-/-.

Correction to: Rewiring of glucose metabolism defines trained immunity induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

The correct name of the 17th Author is presented in this paper.

Rewiring of glucose metabolism defines trained immunity induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

Stimulation of monocytes with microbial and non-microbial products, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), induces a protracted pro-inflammatory, atherogenic phenotype sustained by metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming via a process called trained immunity. We investigated the intracellular metabolic mechanisms driving oxLDL-induced trained immunity in human primary monocytes and observed concomitant upregulation of glycolytic activity and oxygen consumption. In two separate cohorts of healthy volunteers, we assessed the impact of genetic variation in glycolytic genes on the training capacity of monocytes and found that variants mapped to glycolytic enzymes PFKFB3 and PFKP influenced trained immunity by oxLDL.

Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 or CARD9 does not protect from atherosclerosis development under hyperglycaemic conditions.

Background: C-type lectin receptors, including Dectin-2, are pattern recognition receptors on monocytes and macrophages that mainly recognize sugars and sugar-like structures present on fungi. Activation of C-type lectin receptors induces downstream CARD9 signalling, leading to the production of cytokines. We hypothesized that under hyperglycaemic conditions, as is the case in diabetes mellitus, glycosylated protein (sugar-like) structures activate C-type lectin receptors, leading to immune cell activation and increased atherosclerosis development.

Akkermansia muciniphila Exerts Lipid-Lowering and Immunomodulatory Effects without Affecting Neointima Formation in Hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice.

Scope: Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is an intestinal commensal with anti-inflammatory properties both in the intestine and other organs. The aim is to investigate the effects of oral administration of A.

Deletion of hematopoietic Dectin-2 or CARD9 does not protect against atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperlipidemic mice.

Inflammatory reactions activated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the membrane of innate immune cells play an important role in atherosclerosis. Whether the PRRs of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family including Dectin-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains largely unknown. Recently, the CLR-adaptor molecule caspase recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9) has been suggested to play a role in cardiovascular pathologies as it provides the link between CLR activation and transcription of inflammatory cytokines as well as immune cell recruitment.

Increased NEFA levels reduce blood Mg in hypertriacylglycerolaemic states via direct binding of NEFA to Mg.

Aims/hypothesis: The blood triacylglycerol level is one of the main determinants of blood Mg concentration in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hypomagnesaemia (blood Mg concentration <0.7 mmol/l) has serious consequences as it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and accelerates progression of the disease.

Interaction and imbalance between indispensable amino acids in young piglets.

Lowering protein level in diets for piglets urge to have knowledge on the piglet's requirements for essential amino acids (AA) and their interactions. The present studies aimed to determine the interaction between the dietary level of valine (Val) and tryptophan (Trp) and the effect of AA imbalance at two levels of dietary Val on the growth performance of post-weaning piglets. In Experiment 1 (duration 4 weeks), the effects of supplementation of free l-Val (1.

Evaluation of chitotriosidase as a biomarker for adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals and type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: Overweight and obesity can lead to adipose tissue inflammation, which causes insulin resistance and on the long-term type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The inflammatory changes of obese-adipose tissue are characterized by macrophage infiltration and activation, but validated circulating biomarkers for adipose tissue inflammation for clinical use are still lacking. One of the most secreted enzymes by activated macrophages is chitotriosidase (CHIT1).

IL-37 Expression Reduces Lean Body Mass in Mice by Reducing Food Intake.

The human cytokine interleukin (IL)-37 is an anti-inflammatory member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Transgenic expression of IL-37 in mice protects them from diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic complications including dyslipidemia, inflammation and insulin resistance. The precise mechanism of action leading to these beneficial metabolic effects is not entirely known.

Interleukin-37 treatment of mice with metabolic syndrome improves insulin sensitivity and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue.

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation mainly originating from expanding adipose tissue and resulting in inhibition of insulin signaling and disruption of glycemic control. Transgenic mice expressing human interleukin 37 (IL-37), an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family, are protected against metabolic syndrome when fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 45% fat. Here, we examined whether treatment with recombinant IL-37 ameliorates established insulin resistance and obesity-induced inflammation.

Magnesium deficiency prevents high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice.

Aims/hypothesis: Hypomagnesaemia (blood Mg <0.7 mmol/l) is a common phenomenon in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unknown how a low blood Mg concentration affects lipid and energy metabolism.