Multi-Algorithm Artifact Correction (MAAC) procedure part one: Algorithm and example.

The Multi-Algorithm Artifact Correction (MAAC) procedure is presented for electroencephalographic (EEG) data, as made freely available in the open-source EP Toolkit (Dien, 2010). First the major EEG artifact correction methods (regression, spatial filters, principal components analysis, and independent components analysis) are reviewed. Contrary to the dominant approach of picking one method that is thought to be most effective, this review concludes that none are globally superior, but rather each has strengths and weaknesses.

Editorial: Generative artificial intelligence as a plagiarism problem.

There is increasing concern and consternation about generative artificial intelligence (AI) programs and its potential impact on academia. This editorial addresses the potential impact of such programs on scientific publishing as it relates to the journal Biological Psychology. Using chatGPT as an example, it makes the case that a prime concern is its implications for facilitating plagiarism.

Handling EEG artifacts and searching individually optimal experimental parameter in real time: a system development and demonstration.

Neuroadaptive paradigms that systematically assess event-related potential (ERP) features across many different experimental parameters have the potential to improve the generalizability of ERP findings and may help to accelerate ERP-based biomarker discovery by identifying the exact experimental conditions for which ERPs differ most for a certain clinical population. Obtaining robust and reliable ERPs online is a prerequisite for ERP-based neuroadaptive research. One of the key steps involved is to correctly isolate electroencephalography artifacts in real time because they contribute a large amount of variance that, if not removed, will greatly distort the ERP obtained.

An exploration of changes in plantar pressure distributions during walking with standalone and supported lateral wedge insole designs.

Background: Lateral wedge insoles (LWI), standalone or with medial arch support (supported-LWI), have been thoroughly investigated for their effects on modifying gait biomechanics for people with knee osteoarthritis. However, plantar pressure distribution between these insole types has not been investigated and could provide insight towards insole prescription with concomitant foot symptoms taken into consideration.

Methods: In a sample of healthy individuals (n = 40), in-shoe plantar pressure was measured during walking with LWI, with or without medial arch support (variable- and uniform-stiffness designs), and a flat control insole condition.

Probing culture in the head: the neural correlates of relational models.

Relational Models Theory or RMT proposes that there are four universal ways in which socio-economic relations can be organized. According to the RMT, each of its four relational models (Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market Pricing) is associated with a distinct cognitive representation, with a cumulative pattern in which each relational model is a superset of the next lower model. This report for the first time uses a combination of cognitive and the social neuroscience to put this model to the test.

Changes in gait characteristics of women with early and established medial knee osteoarthritis: Results from a 2-years longitudinal study.

Background: Despite the large number of cross-sectional studies on gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis, there are scarcely any longitudinal studies on gait changes in knee osteoarthritis.

Methods: Gait analysis was performed on 25 women with early and 18 with established medial knee osteoarthritis, as well as a group of 23 healthy controls. Subjects were asked to walk at their comfortable speed.

Dynamic and static knee alignment at baseline predict structural abnormalities on MRI associated with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis after 2 years.

Background: Dynamic and static varus alignment, both, have been reported as risk factors associated with structural progression of knee osteoarthritis. However the association of none of the static and dynamic alignment with structural, clinical, and functional progression associated with knee osteoarthritis has not been assessed yet in a longitudinal study.

Methods: Forty-seven women with early and established medial knee osteoarthritis were evaluated.

Best practices for repeated measures ANOVAs of ERP data: Reference, regional channels, and robust ANOVAs.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a fundamental procedure for event-related potential (ERP) research and yet there is very little guidance for best practices. It is important for the field to develop evidence-based best practices: 1) to minimize the Type II error rate by maximizing statistical power, 2) to minimize the Type I error rate by reducing the latitude for varying procedures, and 3) to identify areas for further methodological improvements. While generic treatments of ANOVA methodology are available, ERP datasets have many unique characteristics that must be considered.

Hemispheric alpha asymmetry and self-rated originality of ideas.

The generation of highly original ideas in divergent thinking tasks has been found to be associated with task-related changes in the alpha band. The goal of the current study was to determine if exposure to brainwave entrainment (BWE) at the alpha centre frequency before and during performance of a divergent thinking task would result in increases in task-related, event-related synchrony and the production of more highly original ideas. We found that alpha entrainment interfered with the oscillatory dynamics associated with divergent thinking such that only the control group showed greater right hemispheric engagement.

Combined ERP/fMRI evidence for early word recognition effects in the posterior inferior temporal gyrus.

Two brain regions with established roles in reading are the posterior middle temporal gyrus and the posterior fusiform gyrus (FG). Lesion studies have also suggested that the region located between them, the posterior inferior temporal gyrus (pITG), plays a central role in word recognition. However, these lesion results could reflect disconnection effects since neuroimaging studies have not reported consistent lexicality effects in pITG.

Applying principal components analysis to event-related potentials: a tutorial.

Principal components analysis (PCA) has attracted increasing interest as a tool for facilitating analysis of high-density event-related potential (ERP) data. While every researcher is exposed to this statistical procedure in graduate school, its complexities are rarely covered in depth and hence researchers are often not conversant with its subtleties. Furthermore, application to ERP datasets involves unique aspects that would not be covered in a general statistics course.

Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: response to commentary.

We recently demonstrated that the feedback negativity may be better understood as a reward-related positivity that is absent on nonreward trials, and source localization revealed that this reward response may reflect activity in the striatum. In a commentary on our report, Cohen et al. argue against this latter finding, claiming it is unlikely that the striatum contributes to the scalp-recorded event-related potential.

Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativity.

Event-related potential studies of reward processing have consistently identified the feedback negativity (FN), an early neural response that differentiates feedback indicating unfavorable versus favorable outcomes. Several important questions remain, however, about the nature of this response. In this study, the FN was recorded in response to monetary gains and losses during a laboratory gambling task, and temporospatial principal components analysis was used to separate the FN from overlapping responses.

Separating the visual sentence N400 effect from the P400 sequential expectancy effect: cognitive and neuroanatomical implications.

The N400 is an event-related potential (ERP) component that is elicited by semantically meaningful stimuli; one of its defining characteristics is that it is amplified for sentence completions that are semantically unexpected or incongruous with the preceding context. Some prior reports using visual sentence reading paradigms have suggested that there may also be a Cz-centered P400 (a P400cz) that is also responding to semantic congruity manipulations, distinct from the classic Pz-centered N400 (the N400pz). In the present experiment, sentences were presented visually one word at a time, and half of the sentences ended with a semantically incongruent ending.

The ERP PCA Toolkit: an open source program for advanced statistical analysis of event-related potential data.

This article presents an open source Matlab program, the ERP PCA (EP) Toolkit, for facilitating the multivariate decomposition and analysis of event-related potential data. This program is intended to supplement existing ERP analysis programs by providing functions for conducting artifact correction, robust averaging, referencing and baseline correction, data editing and visualization, principal components analysis, and robust inferential statistical analysis. This program subserves three major goals: (1) optimizing analysis of noisy data, such as clinical or developmental; (2) facilitating the multivariate decomposition of ERP data into its constituent components; (3) increasing the transparency of analysis operations by providing direct visualization of the corresponding waveforms.

Evaluating two-step PCA of ERP data with Geomin, Infomax, Oblimin, Promax, and Varimax rotations.

Principal components analysis (PCA) can facilitate analysis of event-related potential (ERP) components. Geomin, Oblimin, Varimax, Promax, and Infomax (independent components analysis) were compared using a simulated data set. Kappa settings for Oblimin and Promax were also systematically compared.

Differentiating neural responses to emotional pictures: evidence from temporal-spatial PCA.

Consistent with the notion that emotional stimuli receive preferential attention and perceptual processing, many event-related potential (ERP) components appear sensitive to emotional stimuli. In an effort to differentiate components that are sensitive to emotional versus neutral stimuli, the current study utilized temporospatial principal components analysis to analyze ERPs from a large sample (N=82) while pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images were passively viewed. Several factors sensitive to emotional stimuli were identified-corresponding to the N1, early posterior negativity (EPN), and P3; multiple factors resembling the late positive potential (LPP) emerged.

Evidence for automatic sentence priming in the fusiform semantic area: convergent ERP and fMRI findings.

Event-related potential (ERP) studies of semantic processing have generally focused on the N400, a component that peaks at about 400 ms in response to words and which is larger when words are incongruent with the preceding sentence context. An earlier left-lateralized posterior N2(p3) has also been found to be correlated with an "unexpectedness" rating for incongruent sentence endings [Dien, Frishkoff, Cerbone, and Tucker, 2003, Parametric analysis of event-related potentials in semantic comprehension: evidence for parallel brain mechanisms, Cognitive Brain Research, 15: 137-153]. Because the incongruent endings were too odd to be explicitly predicted, we here hypothesize that this rating, and hence the N2(p3), reflects the degree of automatic spreading activation (ASA) in the visual lexical network rather than semantic expectancy, an interpretation also consistent with the early latency of this ERP (208 ms).

A tale of two recognition systems: implications of the fusiform face area and the visual word form area for lateralized object recognition models.

Two areas of current intense interest in the neuroimaging literature are that of the visual word form area (VWFA) and of the fusiform face area (FFA) and their roles in word and face perception, respectively. These two areas are of particular relevance to laterality research because visual word identification and face identification have long been shown to be especially lateralized to the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere, respectively. This review therefore seeks to evaluate their significance for the broader understanding of lateralization of object recognition.

fMRI characterization of the language formulation area.

Participants read sentences presented one word at a time, half of which ended with a semantically incongruent ending. 1.5T functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 11 participants, showing that the left posterior inferior temporal region, which has previously been termed the Language Formulation Area (LFA), responded to cloze probability.