[Made open: The state of international evidence-based research on Open Educational Resources (OER)].

Open Educational Resources (OER) are an integral part of the debate about the digitization of education. This article reviews the state of international empirical research on OER to identify possible desiderata for a future research agenda. A systematic mapping approach is used to map the empirical English-speaking research landscape.

Knowledge-based best of breed approach for automated detection of clinical events based on German free text digital hospital discharge letters.

Objectives: The secondary use of medical data contained in electronic medical records, such as hospital discharge letters, is a valuable resource for the improvement of clinical care (e.g. in terms of medication safety) or for research purposes.

[Electronic documentation of injuries of the hand with a semantic network: effective and efficient methods for the documentation of clinical and administrative processes].

Background: An efficient medical documentation is mandatory for a trauma-oriented department in the DRG environment. Besides the continuously increasing clinical/administrative demands, the additional documentation for quality assurance, clinical studies, and research requires additional efforts. Standard solutions are only partially effective.

beta1 integrins regulate keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation by distinct mechanisms.

In keratinocytes, the beta1 integrins mediate adhesion to the extracellular matrix and also regulate the initiation of terminal differentiation. To explore the relationship between these functions, we stably infected primary human epidermal keratinocytes and an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma line, SCC4, with retroviruses encoding wild-type and mutant chick beta1 integrin subunits. We examined the ability of adhesion-blocking chick beta1-specific antibodies to inhibit suspension-induced terminal differentiation of primary human keratinocytes and the ability of the chick beta1 subunit to promote spontaneous differentiation of SCC4.

188Re- and 99mTc-MAG3 as prosthetic groups for labeling amines and peptides: approaches with pre- and postconjugate labeling.

Either radiolabeled Tc-99m- or Re-188-labeled MAG3-4-nitrophenylester or unlabeled Bz-MAG3-4-nitrophenylester was reacted with amines and peptides to follow a pre- or a postconjugate radiolabeling route, respectively. The model compounds were N'-t-butyloxycarbonyl-1,6-diaminohexane (DH-Boc) and a Lys-protected derivative of the somatostatin analog RC-160 (cyclic D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2). In the case of labeling DH-Boc, both the preconjugate labeling and the postconjugate labeling were found by using analytical HPLC to provide identical radiolabeled compounds regardless whether Re-188 or Tc-99m was used.

Disturbed interaction of p21-rac with mutated p67-phox causes chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by the failure of phagocytic leukocytes to generate superoxide, needed for the intracellular killing of microorganisms. This is caused by mutations in any one of the four subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In a rare, autosomal recessive form of CGD, a 67-kD cytosolic component of this enzyme (p67-phox) is missing.

Experimental radiotherapy of receptor-positive human prostate adenocarcinoma with 188Re-RC-160, a directly-radiolabeled somatostatin analogue.

The therapeutic potential of the somatostatin analogue RC-160 radiolabeled with 188Re was evaluated in nude mice bearing xenografts of human prostate adenocarcinoma. 188Re-RC-160 was selectively retained in both DU-145 and PC-3 tumors following direct intra-tumor injection at all time points examined (2, 6 and 24 hr post-injection). Unbound 188Re-RC-160 was rapidly excreted via the hepatobiliary system and, with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract, very little normal organ uptake was found at any time point examined.

Rac GTPase interacts with GAPs and target proteins through multiple effector sites.

Rac, a small GTPase in the ras superfamily, regulates at least two biological processes in animal cells: (i) the polymerization of actin and the assembly of integrin complexes to produce lamellipodia and ruffles; and (ii) the activity of an NADPH oxidase in phagocytic cells. NADPH oxidase activation is mediated through a rac effector protein, p67phox, and using chimeras made between rac and the closely related GTPase, rho, we have identified two distinct effector sites in rac, one N-terminal and one C-terminal, both of which are required for activation of p67phox. The same two effector sites are essential for rac-induced actin polymerization in fibroblasts.

A novel type of myosin implicated in signalling by rho family GTPases.

A novel widely expressed type of myosin (fifth unconventional myosin from rat: myr 5) from rat tissues, defining a ninth class of myosins, was identified. The predicted amino acid sequence of myr 5 exhibits several features not found previously in myosins. The myosin head domain contains a unique N-terminal extension and an insertion of 120 amino acids at a postulated myosin-actin contact site.

Interaction of Rac with p67phox and regulation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity.

Rho and Rac, two members of the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, regulate a variety of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Upon stimulation of phagocytic cells, Rac enhances the activity of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH) oxidase, resulting in the production of superoxide radicals. Activation of the NADPH oxidase requires the assembly of a multimolecular complex at the plasma membrane consisting of two integral membrane proteins, gp91phox and p21phox, and two cytosolic proteins, p67phox and p47phox.

The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling.

The function of rac, a ras-related GTP-binding protein, was investigated in fibroblasts by microinjection. In confluent serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells, rac1 rapidly stimulated actin filament accumulation at the plasma membrane, forming membrane ruffles. Several growth factors and activated H-ras also induced membrane ruffling, and this response was prevented by a dominant inhibitory mutant rac protein, N17rac1.

Bcr encodes a GTPase-activating protein for p21rac.

More than thirty small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins related to the ras-encoded oncoprotein, termed Ras or p21ras, are known. They regulate many fundamental processes in all eukaryotic cells, such as growth, vesicle traffic and cytoskeletal organization. GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate the intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis of Ras-related proteins, leading to down-regulation of the active GTP-bound form.