Patterns and determinants of the global herbivorous mycobiome.

Despite their role in host nutrition, the anaerobic gut fungal (AGF) component of the herbivorous gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. Here, to examine global patterns and determinants of AGF diversity, we generate and analyze an amplicon dataset from 661 fecal samples from 34 mammalian species, 9 families, and 6 continents. We identify 56 novel genera, greatly expanding AGF diversity beyond current estimates (31 genera and candidate genera).

The Effect of a High-Grain Diet on the Rumen Microbiome of Goats with a Special Focus on Anaerobic Fungi.

This work investigated the changes of the rumen microbiome of goats switched from a forage to a concentrate diet with special attention to anaerobic fungi (AF). Female goats were fed an alfalfa hay (AH) diet (0% grain; = 4) for 20 days and were then abruptly shifted to a high-grain (HG) diet (40% corn grain, 60% AH; = 4) and treated for another 10 days. Rumen content samples were collected from the cannulated animals at the end of each diet period (day 20 and 30).

Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans adhesion to epithelial cells.

The ruminal bacteria Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans strain 2 (P. xylanivorans 2), that mediates the digestion of plant fiber, is considered an attractive candidate for probiotics. Adherence to the epithelium of the digestive tract of the host is one of the major requirements for probiotics.

Analysis of the rumen bacterial diversity of goats during shift from forage to concentrate diet.

High-grain feeding used in the animal production is known to affect the host rumen bacterial community, but our understanding of consequent changes in goats is limited. This study was therefore aimed to evaluate bacterial population dynamics during 20 days adaptation of 4 ruminally cannulated goats to the high-grain diet (grain: hay - ratio of 40:60). The dietary transition of goats from the forage to the high-grain-diet resulted in the significant decrease of rumen fluid pH, which was however still higher than value established for acute or subacute ruminal acidosis was not diagnosed in studied animals.

Identification of GH10 xylanases in strains 2 and Mz5 of Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans.

Genes encoding glycosyl hydrolase family 11 (GH11) xylanases and xylanases have been identified from Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans. In contrast, little is known about the diversity and distribution of the GH10 xylanase in strains of P. xylanivorans.

[Frequency of dermatophytes in a sample of cats in the urban area of Gran Mendoza, Argentina].

Background: The cat, considered the main reservoir of Microsporum canis, lives in urban areas, and also plays an important role in the emergence of dermatomycoses.

Aims: To determine and analyse the frequency of zoonotic dermatophytes in a sample of cats in an urban area of the Gran Mendoza region.

Methods: The animals selected were household cats and cats less than one year old that came from shelters and kennels from urban areas in the Gran Mendoza region.

Brucella alters endocytic pathway in J774 macrophages.

Brucella is a facultative intracellular bacterium which causes chronic infections in mammals by surviving and replicating within host cells. The putative role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the formation of the phagosome in non-professional phagocytes is supported by several research groups, but still leaves open the question of the fate of Brucella inside professional phagocytes and its resistance mechanisms therein. Macrophages are particularly important for the survival and spreading of Brucella during infection.

Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer?

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastric cancer, but the effect of eradication treatment on gastric cancer risk is not well defined.

Purpose: To determine whether H. pylori eradication treatment can reduce the risk for gastric cancer.

Effects of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea.

Background And Aims: Probiotic supplementation seems to provide beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea.

Methods: Two reviewers independently searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and on-line clinical trials registers (up to January 2009) for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea.

Timing of precut procedure does not influence success rate and complications of ERCP procedure: a prospective randomized comparative study.

Background: There is scarce information on whether performing the precut procedure early rather than after several cannulation attempts is associated with different success and complication rates.

Objective: To compare the success and complication rates of precutting implemented either early or after prolonged attempts by the standard approach.

Design: Single-center prospective randomized study.

Meta-analysis: duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Background: Proton-pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy is the recommended first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. A consensus on treatment duration is lacking.

Purpose: To summarize the benefits and harms of different durations of PPI-based triple therapy.