Adolescent Relationship Abuse Prevention in Pediatric Primary Care: Provider, Adolescent, and Parent Perspectives.

Objective: Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) is associated with myriad negative health outcomes. Pediatric primary care presents an opportunity to engage adolescents and parents, who can be protective against ARA, in ARA prevention; however, no family-focused, health care-based ARA interventions exist. The purpose of this study is to explore the perspectives of adolescents, parents, and health care providers (HCPs) on incorporating ARA prevention into primary care, including 1) current discussions around ARA, 2) how to best include ARA prevention education, and 3) how to address implementation barriers.

Inclusion of Non-English-Speaking Participants in Pediatric Health Research: A Review.

Importance: The inclusion of non-English-speaking (NES) participants in pediatric research is an essential step to improving health equity for these populations. Although some studies have shown lack of progress in NES research participation in the past decade, few have examined NES inclusivity in pediatric research or details about the practices that researchers have used to communicate with NES participants.

Objective: To assess how frequently NES families were included in pediatric research, how rates of inclusion changed over time, what languages were included, and methodological details about oral and written communication with NES participants.

The COVID-19 vaccination experience of non-English speaking immigrant and refugee communities of color: A community co-created study.

In this community-partnered study we conducted focus groups with non-English speaking immigrant and refugee communities of color in 4 languages to understand their perspectives on COVID-19 vaccines, barriers to accessing vaccines, and recommendations for healthcare providers. We used a mixed deductive-inductive thematic analysis approach and human centered design to guide data analysis. 66 individuals participated; 85% were vaccinated.

COVID-19 Information Sources for Black and Latine Communities: A Community Co-created Survey.

Background: To ensure equity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine access, it is critical that Black and Latine communities receive trustworthy COVID-19 information. This study uses community-based participatory research to understand sources of COVID-19 information for Black and Latine adults, how trustworthy that information is, and relationships between information sources and COVID-19 vaccine intention.

Methods: We co-created a survey in Spanish and English and distributed it to Black and Latine adults residing in the Pittsburgh area.

Culturally Sensitive Interventions in Pediatric Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review.

Context: Culturally sensitive interventions in the pediatric primary care setting may help reduce health disparities. Less is known on the development of these interventions, their target groups, and their feasibility, acceptability, and impact on health outcomes.

Objective: We conducted a systematic review to describe culturally sensitive interventions developed for the pediatric primary care setting.

How Should Clinicians Respond to Children in Transgenerationally Traumatized Families?

Pediatricians have obligations to respond with care to all children's clinical and social vulnerabilities. Finding and addressing causes of children's stress (ie, family separation, child abuse, and trauma) are also obligations. Preventive and rescue interventions should be implemented to address potential short- and long-term harms of toxic stress and their short- and long-term consequences.

Forcible Displacement, Migration, and Violence Against Children and Families in Latin America.

In Latin America, violence is a major public health issue causing many families to flee to the United States to seek safety. Current US immigration policies fail to address why families are forced to depart their home country or the needs of families once arriving in the United States. This article identifies root causes of family displacement, examines the insufficient protections for children in families during US immigration processing, and provides practice and policy recommendations on how to transform the US immigration system so that it is more humane for children and families forcibly displaced by violence.

Rapid-Cycle Community Assessment of Health-Related Social Needs of Children and Families During Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Objective: To identify unmet health and social resource needs during a county-wide coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) stay-at-home order and phased re-opening in Western Pennsylvania.

Methods: With public health, social service, and community partners connected through an ongoing academic-community collaborative, we developed and fielded a weekly repeated cross-sectional electronic survey assessing usage of and unmet need for health and social service resources. Using 10 weeks of surveys (April 3-June 11, 2020) by Allegheny County residents, we examined variation in responses by week and by sociodemographic characteristics using chi-square tests.

Cultural understanding, experiences, barriers, and facilitators of healthcare providers when providing preconception counseling to adolescent Latinas with diabetes.

Background: Latinas are at a higher risk than Caucasians for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (DM), as well as DM-associated reproductive health (RH) complications. Healthcare providers (HCPs) should deliver culturally-sensitive care to enhance the care relationship between Latinos and HCPs and to improve patient outcomes. This study explored an expert panel's cultural understanding, experiences, barriers, and facilitators regarding RH and preconception counseling (PC) for adolescent Latinas with DM and their families.

Birth Experiences of Immigrant Latina Women in a New Growth Community.

A woman's birth experience can impact the physical and mental well-being of mothers long after the birth of their child. Little is known about the experiences of Latina women in areas with small, yet growing Latino populations. To understand Latina's perceptions of their childbirth experience and to see how insurance status impacts that experience, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a non-proportional quota sampling of ten Latina women, five with and five without health insurance.

Perinatal depression treatment preferences among Latina mothers.

The study described here was designed to determine treatment preferences among Latinas to identify treatment options that meet their needs and increase their engagement. Focus group interviews were conducted with 22 prenatal and postpartum Latinas at risk for depression. The group interviews were conducted in Spanish and English using a standardized interview protocol.

Fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose and insulin: relationship with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in overweight nondiabetic children.

Objective: To determine whether elevated fasting or 2-h plasma glucose and/or insulin better reflects the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers in an overweight pediatric population with normal glucose tolerance.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 151 overweight youths (8-17 years old) were evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests and measurement of CVD risk factors. The study population was categorized according to quartiles of fasting and 2-h glucose and insulin levels.

Early histories of school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

In a prospective study of developmental outcomes in relation to early-life otitis media, behavioral, cognitive, and language measures were administered to a large, diverse sample of children at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9-11 years of age (N = 741). At 9-11 years of age, 9% of the children were categorized as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on parent report. Compared to the non-ADHD group, the ADHD group had higher (i.

Liver disease selectively modulates cytochrome P450--mediated metabolism.

Background: The liver plays a significant role in drug metabolism; thus it would be expected that liver disease may have a detrimental effect on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The extent to which the presence and severity of liver disease affect the activity of different individual drug-metabolizing enzymes is still not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of liver disease on multiple CYP enzymes by use of a validated cocktail approach.

Bioequivalence revisited: influence of age and sex on CYP enzymes.

Background And Objective: The activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which determine the rate of elimination of lipid-soluble drugs, demonstrates considerable interindividual variability. The extent to which age and sex influence CYP activity remains unclear in humans. Our objectives were to determine whether in vivo activity of selected CYP enzymes is affected by age or sex and to evaluate sex bioequivalence in a large sample size.

Application of semisimultaneous midazolam administration for hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping.

Objectives: Determination of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity is important, because CYP3A substrates show substantial variability in plasma concentrations as a result of variations in both hepatic and intestinal metabolism. The goals of this study were (1) to determine whether the hepatic and intestinal extraction ratios (ER(H) and ER(G), respectively) of the CYP3A probe drug midazolam are different when determined after semisimultaneous administration, as compared with administration on separate occasions (traditional method), and (2) to evaluate the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of midazolam in the presence and absence of ketoconazole by the semisimultaneous method.

Methods: Midazolam pharmacokinetics was assessed in 12 healthy volunteers after administration of midazolam, 5 mg orally, followed at 6 hours by 2 mg given by intravenous infusion.