Phenotyping grapevine resistance to downy mildew: deep learning as a promising tool to assess sporulation and necrosis.

Background: Downy mildew is a plant disease that affects all cultivated European grapevine varieties. The disease is caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The current strategy to control this threat relies on repeated applications of fungicides.

CRISPR/Cas9 editing of Downy mildew resistant 6 (DMR6-1) in grapevine leads to reduced susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola.

Downy mildew of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is an important disease that is present in cultivation areas worldwide, and using resistant varieties provides an environmentally friendly alternative to fungicides. DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) from Arabidopsis is a negative regulator of plant immunity and its loss of function confers resistance to downy mildew. In grapevine, DMR6 is present in two copies, named VvDMR6-1 and VvDMR6-2.

LiDAR Is Effective in Characterizing Vine Growth and Detecting Associated Genetic Loci.

The strong societal demand to reduce pesticide use and adaptation to climate change challenges the capacities of phenotyping new varieties in the vineyard. High-throughput phenotyping is a way to obtain meaningful and reliable information on hundreds of genotypes in a limited period. We evaluated traits related to growth in 209 genotypes from an interspecific grapevine biparental cross, between IJ119, a local genitor, and Divona, both in summer and in winter, using several methods: fresh pruning wood weight, exposed leaf area calculated from digital images, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and LiDAR-derived apparent volumes.

Construction of a high-density genetic map and detection of a major QTL of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Sch.) in Caucasian grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).

Background: Vitis vinifera L. is the most cultivated grapevine species worldwide. Erysiphe necator Sch.

Alternative splicing regulation appears to play a crucial role in grape berry development and is also potentially involved in adaptation responses to the environment.

Background: Alternative splicing (AS) produces transcript variants playing potential roles in proteome diversification and gene expression regulation. AS modulation is thus essential to respond to developmental and environmental stimuli. In grapevine, a better understanding of berry development is crucial for implementing breeding and viticultural strategies allowing adaptation to climate changes.

A single resistance factor to solve vineyard degeneration due to grapevine fanleaf virus.

Grapevine fanleaf disease, caused by grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), transmitted by the soil-borne nematode Xiphinema index, provokes severe symptoms and economic losses, threatening vineyards worldwide. As no effective solution exists so far to control grapevine fanleaf disease in an environmentally friendly way, we investigated the presence of resistance to GFLV in grapevine genetic resources. We discovered that the Riesling variety displays resistance to GFLV, although it is susceptible to X.

Genetic diversity and population structure in Vitis species illustrate phylogeographic patterns in eastern North America.

Geographical distribution and diversity of current plant species have been strongly shaped by climatic oscillations during the Quaternary. Analysing the resulting divergence among species and differentiation within species is crucial to understand the evolution of taxa like the Vitis genus, which provides very useful genetic resources for grapevine improvement and might reveal original recolonization patterns due to growth habit and dispersal mode. Here, we studied the genetic structure in natural populations of three species from eastern North America: Vitis aestivalis, V.

NLGenomeSweeper: A Tool for Genome-Wide NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Identification.

Although there are a number of bioinformatic tools to identify plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) disease resistance genes based on conserved protein sequences, only a few of these tools have attempted to identify disease resistance genes that have not been annotated in the genome. The overall goal of the NLGenomeSweeper pipeline is to annotate NLR disease resistance genes, including RPW8, in the genome assembly with high specificity and a focus on complete functional genes. This is based on the identification of the complete NB-ARC domain, the most conserved domain of NLR genes, using the BLAST suite.

Introgression reshapes recombination distribution in grapevine interspecific hybrids.

In grapevine interspecific hybrids, meiotic recombination is suppressed in homeologous regions and enhanced in homologous regions of recombined chromosomes, whereas crossover rate remains unchanged when chromosome pairs are entirely homeologous. Vitis rotundifolia, an American species related to the cultivated European grapevine Vitis vinifera, has a high level of resistance to several grapevine major diseases and is consequently a valuable resource for grape breeding. However, crosses between both species most often lead to very few poorly fertile hybrids.

Identification of Lipid Markers of Infection in Grapevine Using a Non-targeted Metabolomic Approach.

The Oomycete is responsible for downy mildew, which is one of the most damaging grapevine diseases. Due to the strictly biotrophic way of life of , its metabolome is relatively poorly characterized. In this work, we have used a mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomic approach to identify potential -specific metabolites.

Correlative Analysis of Fluorescent Phytoalexins by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Fluorescence Microscopy in Grapevine Leaves.

Plant response to their environment stresses is a complex mechanism involving secondary metabolites. Stilbene phytoalexins, namely resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceids and viniferins play a key role in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaf defense. Despite their well-established qualities, conventional analyses such as HPLC-DAD or LC-MS lose valuable information on metabolite localization during the extraction process.

Identification of a Vitis vinifera endo-β-1,3-glucanase with antimicrobial activity against Plasmopara viticola.

Inducible plant defences against pathogens are stimulated by infections and comprise several classes of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Endo-β-1,3-glucanases (EGases) belong to the PR-2 class and their expression is induced by many pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, suggesting that EGases play a role in the hydrolysis of pathogen cell walls. However, reports of a direct effect of EGases on cell walls of plant pathogens are scarce.

Quantitative trait loci affecting pathogen resistance and ripening of grapevines.

Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) form the basis of viticulture, and are susceptible to diseases such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). Therefore, successful viticulture programs require the use of pesticides.

Chromosome replacement and deletion lead to clonal polymorphism of berry color in grapevine.

Clonal polymorphism mainly results from somatic mutations that occur naturally during plant growth. In grapevine, arrays of clones have been selected within varieties as a valuable source of diversity, among them clones showing berry color polymorphism. To identify mutations responsible for this color polymorphism, we studied a collection of 33 clones of Pinot noir, Pinot gris, and Pinot blanc.

A fast and simple method to eliminate Cpn60 from functional recombinant proteins produced by E. coli Arctic Express.

A frequent problem of recombinant protein production is their insolubility. To address this issue, engineered Escherichiacoli strains like Arctic Express that produce an exogenous chaperone facilitating protein folding, have been designed. A drawback is the frequent contamination of the protein by chaperones.

The SWEET family of sugar transporters in grapevine: VvSWEET4 is involved in the interaction with Botrytis cinerea.

During plant development, sugar export is determinant in multiple processes such as nectar production, pollen development and long-distance sucrose transport. The plant SWEET family of sugar transporters is a recently identified protein family of sugar uniporters. In rice, SWEET transporters are the target of extracellular bacteria, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modify their expression and acquire sugars to sustain their growth.

MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for the simultaneous location of resveratrol, pterostilbene and viniferins on grapevine leaves.

To investigate the in-situ response to a stress, grapevine leaves have been subjected to mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) experiments. The Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) approach using different matrices has been evaluated. Among all the tested matrices, the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was found to be the most efficient matrix allowing a broader range of detected stilbene phytoalexins.

Genetic dissection of a TIR-NB-LRR locus from the wild North American grapevine species Muscadinia rotundifolia identifies paralogous genes conferring resistance to major fungal and oomycete pathogens in cultivated grapevine.

The most economically important diseases of grapevine cultivation worldwide are caused by the fungal pathogen powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator syn. Uncinula necator) and the oomycete pathogen downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Currently, grapegrowers rely heavily on the use of agrochemicals to minimize the potentially devastating impact of these pathogens on grape yield and quality.

Metabolic study of grapevine leaves infected by downy mildew using negative ion electrospray--Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Grapevine is of worldwide economic importance due to wine production. However, this culture is often affected by pathogens causing severe harvest losses. Understanding host-pathogen relationships may be a key to solve this problem.

A reference genetic map of Muscadinia rotundifolia and identification of Ren5, a new major locus for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew.

Muscadinia rotundifolia, a species closely related to cultivated grapevine Vitis vinifera, is a major source of resistance to grapevine downy and powdery mildew, two major threats to cultivated traditional cultivars of V. vinifera respectively caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola and the ascomycete Erisyphe necator. The aim of the present work was to develop a reference genetic linkage map based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for M.

Identification of effector genes from the phytopathogenic Oomycete Plasmopara viticola through the analysis of gene expression in germinated zoospores.

Grapevine downy mildew caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola is one of the most important diseases affecting Vitis spp. The current strategy of control relies on chemical fungicides. An alternative to the use of fungicides is using downy mildew resistant varieties, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly.

Towards the adaptation of grapevine varieties to climate change: QTLs and candidate genes for developmental stages.

The genetic determinism of developmental stages in grapevine was studied in the progeny of a cross between grapevine cultivars Riesling and Gewurztraminer by combining ecophysiological modelling, genetic analysis and data mining of the grapevine whole genome sequence. The dates of three phenological stages, budbreak, flowering and veraison, were recorded during four successive years for 120 genotypes in the vineyard. The phenotypic data analysed were the duration of three periods expressed in thermal time (degree-days): 15 February to budbreak (Bud), budbreak to flowering (Flo) and flowering to veraison (Ver).

Construction of a reference linkage map of Vitis amurensis and genetic mapping of Rpv8, a locus conferring resistance to grapevine downy mildew.

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the major threats to grapevine. All traditional cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) are susceptible to downy mildew, the control of which requires regular application of fungicides. In contrast, many sources of resistance to P.

A semi-automatic non-destructive method to quantify grapevine downy mildew sporulation.

The availability of fast, reliable and non-destructive methods for the analysis of pathogen development contributes to a better understanding of plant-pathogen interactions. This is particularly true for the genetic analysis of quantitative resistance to plant pathogens, where the availability of a method allowing a precise quantification of pathogen development allows the reliable detection of different genomic regions involved in the resistance. Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most important diseases affecting viticulture.