Hospital population density and risk of respiratory infection: Is close contact density dependent?

Respiratory infections acquired in hospital depend on close contact, which may be affected by hospital population density. Models of infectious disease transmission typically assume that contact rates are independent of density (frequency dependence) or proportional to it (linear density dependence), without justification. We evaluate these assumptions by measuring contact rates in hospitals under different population densities.

Using contact network dynamics to implement efficient interventions against pathogen spread in hospital settings: A modelling study.

Background: Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are hotspots for pathogen transmission. Infection control interventions are essential, but the high density and heterogeneity of interindividual contacts within LTCF may hinder their efficacy. Here, we explore how the patient-staff contact structure may inform effective intervention implementation.

An algorithm to build synthetic temporal contact networks based on close-proximity interactions data.

Small populations (e.g., hospitals, schools or workplaces) are characterised by high contact heterogeneity and stochasticity affecting pathogen transmission dynamics.

Antimicrobial Resistance as Risk Factor for Recurrent Bacteremia after Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Klebsiella spp. Community-Onset Bacteremia.

We investigated links between antimicrobial resistance in community-onset bacteremia and 1-year bacteremia recurrence by using the clinical data warehouse of Europe's largest university hospital group in France. We included adult patients hospitalized with an incident community-onset Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Klebsiella spp. bacteremia during 2017-2019.

Assessing respiratory epidemic potential in French hospitals through collection of close contact data (April-June 2020).

The transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 within hospitals can exceed that in the general community because of more frequent close proximity interactions (CPIs). However, epidemic risk across wards is still poorly described. We measured CPIs directly using wearable sensors given to all present in a clinical ward over a 36-h period, across 15 wards in three hospitals in April-June 2020.

Care pathways of sepsis survivors: sequelae, mortality and use of healthcare services in France, 2015-2018.

Background: Individuals who survive sepsis are at high risk of chronic sequelae, resulting in significant health-economic costs. Several studies have focused on aspects of healthcare pathways of sepsis survivors but comprehensive, longitudinal overview of their pathways of care are scarce. The aim of this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study is to identify sepsis survivor profiles based on their healthcare pathways and describe their healthcare consumption and costs over the 3 years following their index hospitalization.

Incidence and risk factors of neonatal bacterial infections: a community-based cohort from Madagascar (2018-2021).

Background: Few studies on neonatal severe bacterial infection are available in LMICs. Data are needed in these countries to prioritize interventions and decrease neonatal infections which are a primary cause of neonatal mortality. The BIRDY project (Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistant among Young Children) was initially conducted in Madagascar, Senegal and Cambodia (BIRDY 1, 2012-2018), and continued in Madagascar only (BIRDY 2, 2018-2021).

Determinants of worldwide antibiotic resistance dynamics across drug-bacterium pairs: a multivariable spatial-temporal analysis using ATLAS.

Background: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major concern for global health. However, factors driving its emergence and dissemination are not fully understood. Identification of such factors is crucial to explain heterogeneity in ABR rates observed across space, time, and species and antibiotics.

Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and its determinants among outpatient children in 3 low- and middle-income countries: A multicentric community-based cohort study.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where antibiotics required to treat resistant infections are not affordable. LMICs also bear a disproportionately high burden of bacterial diseases, particularly among children, and resistance jeopardizes progress made in these areas. Although outpatient antibiotic use is a major driver of antibiotic resistance, data on inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in LMICs are scarce at the community level, where the majority of prescribing occurs.

Stillbirths and neonatal mortality in LMICs: A community-based mother-infant cohort study.

Background: The exact timing, causes, and circumstances of stillbirth and neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain poorly described, especially for antenatal stillbirths and deaths occurring at home. We aimed to provide reliable estimates of the incidence of stillbirth and neonatal death in three LMICs (Madagascar, Cambodia and Senegal) and to identify their main causes and associated risk factors.

Methods: This study is based on data from an international, multicentric, prospective, longitudinal, community-based mother-infant cohort.

Vaccination Coverage and Risk Factors Associated With Incomplete Vaccination Among Children in Cambodia, Madagascar, and Senegal.

Background: Vaccination reduces mortality from infectious disease, which is the leading cause of death in children under 5 and bears a particularly high burden in low- and middle-income countries. The Global Vaccine Action Plan (2011-2020) has set a target of 90% vaccine coverage for all vaccines included in national immunization programs by 2020. The objectives of this study were to estimate vaccine coverage among children in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal and to identify the risk factors associated with incomplete vaccination.

Ability of epidemiological studies to monitor HPV post-vaccination dynamics: a simulation study.

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are caused by a broad diversity of genotypes. As available vaccines target a subgroup of these genotypes, monitoring transmission dynamics of nonvaccine genotypes is essential. After reviewing the epidemiological literature on study designs aiming to monitor those dynamics, we evaluated their abilities to detect HPV-prevalence changes following vaccine introduction.

Short treatment duration for community-acquired pneumonia.

Purpose Of Review: Lower respiratory tract infections are one of the most common indications for antibiotic use in community and hospital settings. Usual guidelines for adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) recommend 5-7 days of antibiotic treatment. In daily practice, physicians often prescribe 9-10 days of antibiotic treatment.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Bacteremia in the Greater Paris Area from 2016 to 2019.

Purpose: Antibiotic-resistant bacteremia is a leading global cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality. Clinical data warehouses (CDWs) allow for the secure, real-time coupling of diverse data sources from real-world clinical settings, including care-based medical-administrative data and laboratory-based microbiological data. The main purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of CDWs in the epidemiological study of antibiotic resistance by constructing a database of bacteremia patients, BactHub, and describing their main clinico-microbiological features and outcomes.

One-year hospital readmission for recurrent sepsis: associated risk factors and impact on 1-year mortality-a French nationwide study.

Background: Sepsis is a complex health condition, leading to long-term morbidity and mortality. Understanding the risk factors for recurrent sepsis, as well as its impact on mid- and long-term mortality among other risk factors, is essential to improve patient survival.

Methods: A risk factor analysis, based on French nationwide medico-administrative data, was conducted on a cohort of patients above 15 years old, hospitalized with an incident sepsis in metropolitan France between 1st January 2018 and 31st December 2018 and who survived their index hospitalization.

Prevalence and factors associated with faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales among peripartum women in the community in Cambodia.

Background: In Southeast-Asia, where many conditions associated with dissemination of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in the community are met, data from the community are scarce but show high ESBL-E carriage prevalence. Maternal ESBL-E colonization is considered a risk factor for neonatal colonization, which is the first step towards developing neonatal sepsis. Despite this, ESBL-E carriage prevalence and its risk factors during pregnancy or postpartum remain undefined in Southeast-Asia.

Contact patterns and HPV-genotype interactions yield heterogeneous HPV-vaccine impacts depending on sexual behaviors: An individual-based model.

Human papillomaviruses are common sexually transmitted infections, caused by a large diversity of genotypes. In the context of vaccination against a subgroup of genotypes, better understanding the role of genotype interactions and human sexual behavior on genotype dynamics is essential. Herein, we present an individual-based model that integrates realistic heterosexual partnership behaviors and simulates interactions between vaccine and non-vaccine genotypes.

Trends in bacterial sepsis incidence and mortality in France between 2015 and 2019 based on National Health Data System (Système National des données de Santé (SNDS)): a retrospective observational study.

Objective: This study aims to provide a case definition of sepsis of presumed bacterial aetiology based on 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes, to assess trends in sepsis incidence and mortality between 2015 and 2019 in France, and to describe the characteristics of affected patients and hospital stays.

Design: Nationwide, population-based, retrospective observational study.

Setting: Metropolitan France between 2015 and 2019.

Excess risk of subsequent infection in hospitalized children from a community cohort study in Cambodia and Madagascar.

Background: Children in low- and middle-income countries are particularly vulnerable in the months following an initial health event (IHE), with increased risk of mortality caused mostly by infectious diseases. Due to exposure to a wide range of environmental stressors, hospitalization in itself might increase child vulnerability at discharge. The goal of this study was to disentangle the role of hospitalization on the risk of subsequent infection.

From Pathophysiological Hypotheses to Case-Control Study Design: Resistance from Antibiotic Exposure in Community-Onset Infections.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, at least partly due to the misuse of antibiotics. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections in the community has shifted at-risk populations into the general population. Numerous case-control studies attempt to better understand the link between antibiotic use and antibiotic-resistant community-onset infections.

Lockdown impact on age-specific contact patterns and behaviours, France, April 2020.

BackgroundMany countries implemented national lockdowns to contain the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 and avoid overburdening healthcare capacity.AimWe aimed to quantify how the French lockdown impacted population mixing, contact patterns and behaviours.MethodsWe conducted an online survey using convenience sampling and collected information from participants aged 18 years and older between 10 April and 28 April 2020.

Factors Associated With Treatment Failure in Moderately Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Failure of treatment is the most serious complication in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Objective: To assess the potential risk factors for treatment failure in clinically stable patients with CAP.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This secondary analysis assesses data from a randomized clinical trial on CAP (Pneumonia Short Treatment [PTC] trial) conducted from December 19, 2013, to February 1, 2018.

Severe bacterial neonatal infections in Madagascar, Senegal, and Cambodia: A multicentric community-based cohort study.

Background: Severe bacterial infections (SBIs) are a leading cause of neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, most data came from hospitals, which do not include neonates who did not seek care or were treated outside the hospital. Studies from the community are scarce, and few among those available were conducted with high-quality microbiological techniques.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Maternal Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Madagascar and Senegal.

Maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization is a major risk factor for neonatal GBS infection. However, data on GBS are scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Using sociodemographic data and vaginal swabs collected from an international cohort of mothers and newborns, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women in Madagascar (n = 1,603) and Senegal (n = 616).