Design, in silico study, synthesis and evaluation of hybrid pyrazole substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives for antimalarial activity.

Objectives: Malaria is a significant global health challenge, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, necessitating immediate investigation into innovative and efficacious treatments. This work involves the development of pyrazole substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antimalarial agent.

Methods: In this study, ten compounds 7(a-j) were synthesized by using nucleophilic substitution reaction, screened for in silico study and their antimalarial activity were evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) strain of P.

Molecular Evidence of Species in Wild-Caught and Mosquitoes in Four States of Northeast India.

, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, naturally infects many arthropods, including mosquito vectors responsible for the spread of arboviral diseases such as Zika, chikungunya, and dengue fever. Certain strains are involved in inhibiting arbovirus replication in mosquitoes, and this phenomenon is currently being studied to combat disease vectors. A study was conducted in four states in north-eastern India to investigate the presence of natural infection in wild-caught and mosquitoes, the established vectors of dengue.

First Report of Rubber Collection Bowls & Plastic and Bamboo Water Containers as the Major Breeding Source of with the Indigenous Transmission of Dengue and Chikungunya in Rural Forested Malaria-Endemic Villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India: The Importance of Molecular Identification.

Background: With the reports of indigenous cases of dengue and chikungunya in the forest-covered rural tribal malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India, an exploratory study was undertaken to identify the vector breeding sites.

Methods: From June 2021 to August 2022, mosquito larvae were collected from both natural and artificial sources in the villages, house premises, and their nearby forested areas outside of the houses. Other than morphological characterisation, species were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting both nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial genes (COI) followed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing.

Development and On-Field Deployment of a Mobile-Based Application 'MoSQuIT' for Malaria Surveillance in International Border Districts of Northeast India-Challenges and Opportunities.

The conventional paper-based system for malaria surveillance is time-consuming, difficult to track and resource-intensive. Few digital platforms are in use but wide-scale deployment and acceptability remain to be seen. To address this issue, we created a malaria surveillance mobile app that offers real-time data to stakeholders and establishes a centralised data repository.

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development.

Background: Malaria continues to be a major public health problem in the Northeastern part of India despite the implementation of vector control measures and changes in drug policies. To develop successful vaccines against malaria, it is important to assess the diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in field isolates. This study was done to assess the diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen in a malaria-endemic region of Tripura in Northeast India and compare it with previously reported global isolates with a view to assess the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine based on this antigen.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of hybrid PABA-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as an antimalarial agent.

The present manuscript deals with the development of novel p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) associated 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antimalarial agents. The molecules were developed via microwave-assisted synthesis and structures of compounds were ascertained via numerous analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were also subjected to ADMET analysis.

In silico study, synthesis, and evaluation of the antimalarial activity of hybrid dimethoxy pyrazole 1,3,5-triazine derivatives.

Malaria continues to become a major global health problem, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The widespread emergence of resistance to first-line drugs has further bolstered an urgent need for a new and cost-effective antimalarial(s). Thus, the present study enumerates the synthesis of novel hybrid dimethoxy pyrazole 1,3,5-triazine derivatives 7(a-j) and their in silico results short-listed three compounds with good binding energies and dock scores.

Incrimination of and as vectors of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 from four states of Northeast India.

Dengue is an important vector borne disease with a great public health concern worldwide. Northeast India has experienced dengue almost every year for a decade. As studies on dengue vectors from this region are limited, we undertook an investigation to detect natural infection of the dengue virus (DENV) in potential dengue vectors of this region.

Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination.

Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA).

In silico ADMET study, docking, synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of thiazole-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as Pf-DHFR inhibitor.

Background: Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pf-DHFR) is an essential enzyme in the folate pathway and is an important target for antimalarial drug discovery. In this study a modern approach has been undertaken to identify new hits of thiazole-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antimalarials targeting Pf-DHFR.

Methods: The library of 378 thiazole-1,3,5-triazines were designed and subjected to ADME analysis.

Molecular characterization of in Arunachal Pradesh from Northeast India based on merozoite surface protein 1 & glutamate-rich protein.

Background & Objectives: Northeast (NE) India is one of the high endemic regions for malaria with a preponderance of Plasmodium falciparum, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The P. falciparum parasite of this region showed high polymorphism in drug-resistant molecular biomarkers.

In vitro adaptability of to different fresh serum alternatives.

To reduce the dependency on fresh AB serum in continuous culture of , a comparative study was undertaken to assess the in vitro adaptability of to media supplemented with fresh AB serum from whole blood, AB plasma, serum derived from AB plasma, AB human serum from Sigma, Albumax II, fetal bovine serum and new born calf serum, independently and in different combinations. Combinations were used to analyze whether two different substitutes demonstrate any synergistic effect on the growth of the parasites. Our findings exhibited that the combination of fresh human serum and Albumax II showed good growth pattern in comparison to that of fresh serum and can thereby be instrumental in reducing the role of fresh human serum in continuous parasite maintenance.

Antimalarial silver and gold nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization and in vitro study.

In the present study, we are reporting antimalarial potential of silver (AgNPs) and gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles synthesized by leaf and bark extract of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae). AuNPs and AgNPs obtained by both the extracts were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Molecular evidence of increased resistance to anti-folate drugs in Plasmodium falciparum in North-East India: a signal for potential failure of artemisinin plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy.

North-east India, being a corridor to South-east Asia, is believed to play an important role in transmitting drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria to India and South Asia. North-east India was the first place in India to record the emergence of drug resistance to chloroquine as well as sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Presently chloroquine resistance is widespread all over the North-east India and resistance to other anti-malarials is increasing.

Genetic population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles baimaii in north-east India using mitochondrial DNA.

Background: Anopheles baimaii is a primary vector of human malaria in the forest settings of Southeast Asia including the north-eastern region of India. Here, the genetic population structure and the basic population genetic parameters of An. baimaii in north-east India were estimated using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sub unit II (COII) gene.