A proposal of a fecal scoring system based on physicochemical analyses of suckling pig feces.

Background: Digestive disorders are one of the main health problems in suckling piglets. The correct visual identification of feces in suckling piglets is an important tool for the diagnosis of enteric diseases. The aim of the present observational study was to analyze different physicochemical parameters of the feces of suckling piglets aged 0 to 21 days: visual appearance (color and consistency), fecal dry matter (FDM) content and pH.

Dietary vitamin D intake and changes in body composition over three years in older adults with metabolic syndrome.

Background: Adequate intake of vitamin D through diet may offer benefits in terms of body composition.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal relationship between dietary vitamin D intake and changes in body composition in older adults over one and three years under the context of a weight loss and lifestyle behavioral intervention.

Design: Longitudinal study.

Anaphylaxis due to green beans (): a new phenotype?

Background: Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction with increasing incidence in Europe. It is often caused by food, insect venom, and drugs. White, red, and green beans () are legumes of the family consumed worldwide.

Globally approved vaccines for COVID-19: a systematic review.

COVID-19 caused a public health emergency, which instituted a global effort to develop vaccines using different platforms, such as basic types and new-generation vaccines. Considering the importance of vaccination in preventing the severity of infectious diseases and the success in developing and approving vaccines against COVID-19 in record time, it is essential to learn about the characteristics of these vaccines. This study aimed to conduct a structured, systematic review following the PRISMA guideline, to analyze the general characteristics of vaccines approved globally for use against COVID-19.

Biomarkers.

Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is associated with sleep disturbances. Moreover, individuals with sleep disturbances have been reported to have a higher risk for developing AD. The measurement of sleep behavior therefore opens the opportunity for a potential digital biomarker of AD.

Biomarkers.

Background: Plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 231 (p-tau231) is a promising novel biomarker of emerging Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We aimed to characterize cross-sectional and longitudinal plasma p-tau231 measurements and estimated ages of biomarker onset in an exceptionally large number of presenilin (PSEN1) E280A (Glu280Ala) mutation carriers and age-matched non-carriers from the Colombian autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease kindred.

Method: We included a cohort of 722 PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers (mean age 36.

Biomarkers.

Background: Dementia impacts the way individuals perceive and describe everyday events. Alzheimer's disease (AD) notably affects processing of entities manifested by nouns, while behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) often presents a detached, third-person perspective. Yet, the potential of natural language processing tools (NLP) to detect these variations in spontaneous speech remains explored.

Biomarkers.

Background: Associations between cognition and brain markers of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration are poorly understood in the oldest-old (>90 years) compared to younger populations. Prior work suggests that the link between neuropathology and cognition may become weaker in advanced old age, reducing the applicability of accepted biomarker cascade models of Alzheimer's disease progression. Addressing this question in the oldest-old is challenging, partly due to limited data and methodological challenges of neuroimaging analysis.

Biomarkers.

Background: White matter (WM) hyperintensities are bright areas on T2 MRI that reflect increased interstitial fluid caused by demyelination and axonal loss; these tissue alterations have been associated with cognitive impairment. Previous in-vivo studies have suggested that the underlying pathogenesis for WM changes differs between the anterior and posterior brain, with cerebrovascular disease contributing more to anterior WM lesions and neurodegenerative processes contributing more to posterior WM lesions.

Method: Periventricular (PV) and deep subcortical (DS) WM hyperintensities both in the anterior and posterior portions of the brain were identified using postmortem T2 MRI of cerebral hemispheres from the Biggs Institute Brain Bank (Figure 1) in 7 Alzheimer's Disease patients (four male, three female, average age 75).

Biomarkers.

Background: The diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other dementias continues to be a challenge. The use of complementary studies in diagnosis is recommended in the main clinical guidelines for this pathology. Biomarkers in CSF (Aβ42, tTau and pTau) and by brain [18F]FDG-PET are useful for diagnosis, since they increase its certainty.

Biomarkers.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) features a complex interplay of factors influencing cognitive decline. While CSF and plasma biomarkers have widely demonstrated their diagnostic utility, whether they may add prognostic value remains unrevealed. With this longitudinal study we aim to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the predictive value of several fluid biomarkers over cognitive decline in a cohort of biomarker-confirmed AD individuals.

Biomarkers.

Background: Cerebrovascular disease features as the most common comorbidity in older individuals with dementia. White matter (WM) injury identified through white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on FLAIR represents evident late-stage pathophysiological manifestations of CVD. This study aims to assess the role of baseline microstructural WM integrity, using free water (FW), a measure from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), in predicting WMH growth dynamic.

Biomarkers.

Background: Depressive symptoms are associated with neurodegeneration in individuals at increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, but these relationships are less clear in younger individuals and those at risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD). Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a biomarker of axonal damage and neuronal degeneration that becomes abnormal several decades before clinical onset in ADAD. To address this gap, we investigated the associations among depressive symptoms, plasma NfL and cognition in a younger cohort affected by the PSEN1-E280A genetic variant.

Protracted Tuberculosis Outbreak in a Pasifika Diaspora in Western Sydney, Australia: The Importance of Community Engagement.

A prolonged tuberculosis outbreak, linked by whole-genome sequencing, occurred in a Pasifika extended family over 10 years (2013-2022) in Sydney, Australia. Despite Australia's low tuberculosis incidence, social and cultural complexities, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disruptions exacerbated transmission. Control required culturally sensitive, family-centered care and robust health system engagement.

Public Health.

Background: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was a randomized trial for prevention of diabetes in adults with prediabetes (PreD). The DPP Outcomes Study (DPPOS) is the long-term epidemiological follow-up of this cohort, studied continuously for over 25 years. DPPOS Phase 4 (DPPOS-AD/ADRD) began in 2022, with a primary focus on the nature and determinants of cognitive impairment in the surviving cohort.

Public Health.

Background: The Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) is an established cohort of aging persons (mean age 72 years) with prediabetes and diabetes with a mean of 23 (range 21-25) years of follow-up. DPPOS added neuropsychological testing using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDSv3) forms. Using the NACC UDS required implementing a standardized neurological examination across 25 US clinical sites, administered by project coordinators (PC).

Public Health.

Background: Life-course food insecurity may influence cognition through pathways of stress and poor health. Yet, few longitudinal studies examine whether life-course food insecurity is associated with cognition among U.S.

Public Health.

Background: During the pandemic, Social Isolation (SI) and the perception of loneliness emerged as critical factors associated with significant psychological and physical impacts (Tyrrell, C. & Williams, N., 2020; González, D.

Public Health.

Background: Most biomedical data currently available for any disease is derived from studies in non-Hispanic white (NHW) populations. Specifically, clinical information, genetics as well as biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have been studied predominantly in those NHW populations. For example, a role for depression and cardiovascular symptoms in increased risk for cognitive impairment has been reported; but little information is available on their risk effect in (diverse) FTD.

Biomarkers.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been very useful in evaluating brain atrophy related to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), so it is important to have scales that allow objective evaluation specifically of parietal atrophy. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a modified visual scale for the assessment of parietal atrophy (APM Scale) by brain MRI in a single slice (axial T2-FLAIR), with focus on the measurement of the posterior cingulate sulcus to differentiate between Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), AD and other forms of dementia (OD not AD).

Method: retrospective validation study carried out in a memory clinic of a tertiary hospital in Mexico City, in a period from March 2015 to June 2023.

Biomarkers.

Background: Sleep-wake alterations are common symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) associated with faster cognitive decline. Noradrenaline dysfunction and neuroinflammation have been proposed as potential driving mechanisms. The ADIS project aims to study the relationship between sleep-wake patterns, immune signatures (peripheral blood cytotoxic lymphocytes), and noradrenergic markers across the AD spectrum.

Developing Topics.

Background: Despite women showing greater pathological tau burden than men in the preclinical and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), they show a cognitive advantage, particularly in verbal memory, followed by a steeper decline. Thus, the question of sex differences in the clinical manifestation of AD pathology is important, but underexamined. Among preclinical AD and MCI participants, we examined sex differences in the relationship of changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pTau181/Aβ42 (pTau/Aβ) ratio to changes in verbal memory.

Developing Topics.

Background: Evidence suggests that a history of reduced estrogen exposure associates with greater Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, the association of sex hormone levels with AD biomarkers has not been studied. We examined plasma levels of sex hormones in males and females with autosomal dominant AD due to the E280A Presenilin-1 mutation and age-matched non-carriers, and their relationship to AD brain pathology.