Protective cardiovascular and renal actions of vitamin D and estrogen.

Both basic science and clinical studies support the concept that vitamin D deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases through its association with diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide a rationale for advocating adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium in all populations, thereby preventing many chronic diseases. This review explores the effect of vitamin D deficiency in the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases, and the role of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes.

The pros and cons of staging chronic kidney disease.

Background And Objectives: In 2002 the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative presented a new definition and classification for chronic kidney disease (CKD), which was revised in 2004 to the current CKD staging system. This significantly increased awareness and understanding of CKD-related issues and promoted the use of evidence-based clinical practice principles. Due to the wealth of knowledge that has been acquired, the accuracy and appropriateness of CKD staging system has now been questioned, prompting a timely and comprehensive evaluation of the current atmosphere surrounding CKD staging.