Mini-Medical school empowers community members to advocate for their and others health.

Purpose: Over the past three decades, the term Mini-Medical School (MMS) has been used to describe programs offered by schools of medicine, which provide health education to the lay public and health career exposure to youth. The University of Maryland School of Medicine has operated an MMS program since 2001. The purpose of this study was to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of MMS participants and the impacts of this program on their health.

Body mass index modifies bladder cancer risk associated with low estrogen exposure among Egyptian women after menopause.

Purpose: Investigators have reported inconsistent findings regarding associations between body mass index (BMI) and bladder cancer risk, and they have postulated that sex steroids mediate such associations. We assessed the impact of BMI on the relationship between bladder cancer risk and combinations of age at first childbirth, parity, and age at menopause, among Egyptian women.

Methods: We used data from our multicenter case-control study of 419 cases and 786 controls in logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of such associations.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Aspirin Use and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk and Survival.

Background: African Americans (AA) experience higher incidence and mortality of lung cancer as compared with European Americans (EA). Inflammation is associated with lung cancer, many aspects of which differ between AA and EA. We investigated whether use, frequency, and duration of the anti-inflammatory drug aspirin were associated with lung cancer risk and survival, separately among AA and EA populations.

Associations between history of chronic lung disease and non-small cell lung carcinoma in Maryland: variations by sex and race.

Purpose: Lung cancer is a multifactorial malignancy for which some risk factors, such as chronic lung diseases, their interactions with smoking, and how they differ by race and sex, are not fully understood. We investigated the associations between chronic inflammatory lung disease and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and how sex and race may affect such associations.

Methods: Using logistic regression, we analyzed 1660 lung cancer cases and 1959 population controls and estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Postmarket Safety Outcomes for New Molecular Entity (NME) Drugs Approved by the Food and Drug Administration Between 2002 and 2014.

We ascertained a comprehensive list of postmarket safety outcomes, defined as a safety-related market withdrawal or an update to a safety-related section of product label for 278 new molecular entity drugs (NMEs) with a follow-up period of up to 13 years. At least one safety-related update was added to 195 (70.1%) labels of the drugs studied.

Nonoccupational exposure to agricultural work and risk of urinary bladder cancer among Egyptian women.

This study examined the associations between nonoccupational exposure to agricultural work, through husband or head of household (H/HH) occupation, and urinary bladder cancer risk among Egyptian women. A total of 1,167 women (388 bladder cases and 779 age- and residence-matched, population-based controls) from a multicenter case-control study were included in the analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression.

Evaluation of the Balanced Menus Challenge: a healthy food and sustainability programme in hospitals in Maryland.

Objective: The Balanced Menus Challenge (BMC) is a national effort to bring the healthiest, most sustainably produced meat available into health-care settings to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and promote good nutrition. The present study evaluated the outcomes of the BMC in the Maryland/Washington, DC region.

Design: The BMC is a cost-effective programme whereby participating hospitals reduce meat purchases by 20 % of their budget, then invest the savings into purchasing sustainably produced meat.

Pesticides, gene polymorphisms, and bladder cancer among Egyptian agricultural workers.

Unlabelled: This study examined the associations between pesticide exposure, genetic polymorphisms for

Nad(p)h: quinone oxidoreductase I (NQO1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and urinary bladder cancer risk among male agricultural workers in Egypt. Logistic regression was used to analyze data from a multicenter case-control study and estimate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Exposure to pesticides was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.

Agricultural workers and urinary bladder cancer risk in Egypt.

The authors examined the associations between farming and the risk for squamous cell (SCC) or urothelial cell (UC) carcinoma of the urinary bladder among Egyptians. The authors used data from a multicenter case-control study (1,525 male and 315 female cases, and 2,069 male and 547 female age- and residence-matched, population-based controls) to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Men in farming and who never smoked had increased risk for either SCC or UC (AOR [95% CI]: 4.

Empowering students with cultural competence knowledge: randomized controlled trial of a cultural competence curriculum for third-year medical students.

Background: Formal training in cultural competence for health care providers has become vital as the US population continues to become increasingly culturally diverse. However, a low percentage of medical schools offer formal training in this area, and there is a lack of curriculum evaluation reported in the literature.

Purpose: To determine the impact of formal cultural competence teaching on third-year medical students' knowledge of cultural competence.

Effect of relationship factors on safer sex decisions in older inner-city women.

Objectives: Heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in older women is on the rise, yet little is known about safer sex practices in these women. We sought to determine the prevalence of and effect of relationship factors on safer sex practices among older women living in a high HIV incidence region.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study at an ambulatory medicine clinic of a large inner-city hospital, participants were women over age 50 seeking medical services at the study site.

Knowledge of cultural competence among third-year medical students.

An increasingly diverse population and ongoing health disparities have brought national attention to cultural competence training in medical schools. However, few data exist on medical students' knowledge in cultural competence. The purpose of this study is to assess medical students' knowledge in cultural competence to identify training areas for curriculum development.

Older women and HIV: how much do they know and where are they getting their information?

Objectives: To assess older urban women's knowledge about sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and to evaluate the relationship between their HIV/AIDS knowledge level and sources of information.

Design: Cross-sectional survey conducted between June 2001 and July 2002. Trained research assistants administered a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview.