Efficacy of flukicides against Fasciola hepatica and first report of triclabendazole resistance on German sheep farms.

Fasciola hepatica infections lead to severe health problems and production losses in sheep farming, if not treated effectively. Triclabendazole has been used extensively over decades due to its unique efficacy range against all definitive hostfluke stages but published data about the susceptibility of F. hepatica to anthelmintics in Germany are lacking.

Coproscopical diagnosis of patent Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep - A comparison between standard sedimentation, FLUKEFINDER® and a combination of both.

The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a highly pathogenic and zoonotic trematode with a cosmopolitan distribution. In livestock, infections may lead to significant economic losses if not diagnosed promptly and treated effectively. Particularly for small ruminants, the standard method for the detection of fluke infection is based on coproscopical methods such as the sedimentation method, which detects F.

Is the Ollerenshaw fasciolosis forecasting model fit for the 21st century?

Background: The Ollerenshaw forecasting model is based on rainfall and evapotranspiration and has been in use to predict losses from fasciolosis since 1959. We evaluated the performance of the model against observed data.

Methods: Weather data were used to calculate, map and plot fasciolosis risk values for each year from 1950 to 2019.

A major locus confers triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica and shows dominant inheritance.

Fasciola hepatica infection is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock worldwide and poses a threat to human health in endemic areas. The mainstay of control in livestock and the only drug licenced for use in humans is triclabendazole (TCBZ). TCBZ resistance has been reported on every continent and threatens effective control of fasciolosis in many parts of the world.

To treat or not to treat: diagnostic thresholds in subclinical helminth infections of cattle.

Helminth infections of cattle place significant burdens on livestock production and farm economic efficiency. Heavy infections are relatively easy to detect and treat with anthelmintics. However, subclinical infections have major but often hidden impacts on animals, necessitating more refined diagnostics to detect them and ideally inform farmers about the likely impact of anthelmintic treatment on animal and herd performance.

Epidemiology of Untreated Psychoses in 3 Diverse Settings in the Global South: The International Research Program on Psychotic Disorders in Diverse Settings (INTREPID II).

Importance: Less than 10% of research on psychotic disorders has been conducted in settings in the Global South, which refers broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. There is a lack of basic epidemiological data on the distribution of and risks for psychoses that can inform the development of services in many parts of the world.

Objective: To compare demographic and clinical profiles of cohorts of cases and rates of untreated psychoses (proxy for incidence) across and within 3 economically and socially diverse settings in the Global South.

A survey of sheep and/or cattle farmers in the UK shows confusion over the diagnosis and control of rumen fluke and liver fluke.

Calicophoron daubneyi (rumen fluke) is an emerging parasitic infection of livestock across Europe. Despite increasing in prevalence, little is known about the level of awareness of rumen fluke or current control practices used by UK farmers. Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a common parasitic infection of cattle and sheep in the UK.

Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world.

Animal health is a prerequisite for global health, economic development, food security, food quality, and poverty reduction, while mitigating against climate change and biodiversity loss. We did a qualitative review of 53 infectious diseases in terrestrial animals with data from DISCONTOOLS, a specialist database and prioritisation model focusing on research gaps for improving infectious disease control in animals. Many diseases do not have any appropriate control tools, but the prioritisation model suggests that we should focus international efforts on Nipah virus infection, African swine fever, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, sheeppox and goatpox, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis, for the greatest impact on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.

Transcriptome During Growth and Stationary Phases.

, the causative agent of leprosy, is an obligate intracellular pathogen primarily residing within host macrophages and Schwann cells. Whole genome sequencing predicts a highly degraded genome with approximately one third of the coding capacity resulting in the loss of many catabolic pathways. Therefore, it can be assumed that obtains many of the necessary metabolites for intracellular survival and growth from the host cells.

The diverse effects of brain glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors on ingestive behaviour.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is well known as a gut hormone and also acts as a neuropeptide, produced in a discrete population of caudal brainstem neurons that project widely throughout the brain. GLP-1 receptors are expressed in many brain areas of relevance to energy balance, and stimulation of these receptors at many of these sites potently suppresses food intake. This review surveys the current evidence for effects mediated by GLP-1 receptors on feeding behaviour at a wide array of brain sites and discusses behavioural and neurophysiological mechanisms for the effects identified thus far.

Association between milk yield and milk anti-Fasciola hepatica antibody levels, and the utility of bulk tank milk samples for assessing within-herd prevalence on organic dairy farms.

Fasciola hepatica is an important disease of livestock that is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Estimates of the impact of infection on milk yield vary, likely reflecting different geographical locations, farm-level management, and diagnostic methods. Measuring anti-Fasciola antibodies on bulk tank milk (BTM) by ELISA provides a convenient herd-level diagnosis, but the utility of this test remains unclear.

Modeling Thermal Suitability for Reindeer ( ssp.) Brainworm ( Transmission in Fennoscandia.

The brainworm, is a nematode which causes neurological disorders (elaphostrongylosis) in reindeer ( ssp.). Favorable climatic conditions have been inferred as the cause of sporadic outbreaks of elaphostrongylosis in Norway, supported by positive associations between observed outbreaks/intensity of infection and summer temperatures in the previous years.

Differences in the antibody response to adult Fasciola hepatica excretory/secretory products in experimentally and naturally infected cattle and sheep.

Fasciola hepatica (the liver fluke) is a common, global parasite of livestock. It can be highly pathogenic and has health and welfare implications for infected individuals. Typically, in ruminants, infections are sub-clinical, but if undiagnosed, they can lead to significant production losses.

Anaerobic fermentation results in loss of viability of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae in grass silage.

The parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, has a detrimental impact on food security and poses a welfare concern to ruminant livestock. F. hepatica metacercariae, shed from an intermediate mud snail host, encyst on vegetation and present a source of infection to grazing livestock.

Providing information about triclabendazole resistance status influences farmers to change liver fluke control practices.

Background: Reports of disease and production losses associated with , the common liver fluke, have increased in recent years. Resistance to triclabendazole, one of the principal veterinary medicines used to prevent losses, has been reported and is now considered widespread in fluke endemic regions of the UK.

Methods: Thirteen farmers participated in a trial in 2013 and the triclabendazole resistance status was obtained for each farm.

GSMN-ML- a genome scale metabolic network reconstruction of the obligate human pathogen Mycobacterium leprae.

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, has plagued humanity for thousands of years and continues to cause morbidity, disability and stigmatization in two to three million people today. Although effective treatment is available, the disease incidence has remained approximately constant for decades so new approaches, such as vaccine or new drugs, are urgently needed for control. Research is however hampered by the pathogen's obligate intracellular lifestyle and the fact that it has never been grown in vitro.

Hindbrain orexin 1 receptors blunt intake suppression by gastrointestinal nutrients and cholecystokinin in male rats.

Hypothalamic orexin neurons project to many brain areas, including hindbrain structures such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP), where orexin 1 receptors (OX1Rs) are expressed. Hindbrain administration of orexin-A increases feeding and meal size, and blockade of hindbrain OX1Rs with the selective antagonist SB334867 has the opposite effect. Here we asked whether hindbrain OX1R stimulation or blockade alter rats' sensitivity to gastrointestinal satiety signals.

Intermittent High-Fat Diet Intake Reduces Sensitivity to Intragastric Nutrient Infusion and Exogenous Amylin in Female Rats.

Objective: Intermittent (INT) access to a high-fat diet (HFD) can induce excessive-intake phenotypes in rodents. This study hypothesized that impaired satiation responses contribute to elevated intake in an INT-HFD access model.

Methods: First, this study characterized the intake and meal patterns of female rats that were subjected to an INT HFD in which a 45% HFD was presented for 20 hours every fourth day.

The Epidemiology and Control of Liver Flukes in Cattle and Sheep.

Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, and Fascioloides magna are liver flukes causing disease in cattle and sheep. Damage to the liver due to F hepatica and F gigantica results in clinical disease and/or production losses. F magna seems to have little effect in cattle but causes high mortality in sheep.

Preliminary examination of insulin and amylin levels in women with purging disorder.

Objective: This preliminary study explored whether differences in meal-stimulated insulin or amylin release are linked to altered ingestive behaviors in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) or purging disorder (PD).

Method: Women with BN (n = 15), PD (n = 16), or no eating disorder (n = 18) underwent structured clinical interviews and assessments of gut hormone and subjective responses to a fixed test meal. Multilevel model analyses were used to explore whether gut hormone responses contribute to subjective responses to the test meal and whether these associations differed by group.

Co-infection of cattle with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica and Mycobacterium bovis: A systematic review.

The liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, are common trematode parasites of livestock. F.