Intrathecal ziconotide and opioid combination therapy for noncancer pain: an observational study.

Background: Intrathecal ziconotide is used to manage severe chronic pain. Although ziconotide is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for monotherapy, it is sometimes used in combination with other intrathecal drugs for the management of intractable pain conditions in clinical practice.

Objectives: Evaluate the safety and tolerability of ziconotide combination therapy.