Neocortical gliosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: gender-based differences.

Objective: Sex hormones can influence the timing and frequency of seizure activity. In addition, gender may influence the age of epilepsy onset and hemispheric location of focal epilepsy. Whether gender alters temporal lobe pathologies differentially is not clear.

Serum and CSF glutamine levels in valproate-related hyperammonemic encephalopathy.

Purpose: To investigate ammonia and glutamine levels in valproate (VPA)-related hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE).

Methods: We reviewed the medical records and EEG recordings of seven adults diagnosed with VHE.

Results: Venous ammonia levels were elevated in five (71%) of the seven patients.