Machine learning and molecular dynamics simulations aided insights into condensate ring formation in laser spot welding.

Condensate ring formation can be used as a benchmark in welding processes to assess the efficiency and quality of the weld. Condensate formation is critical as the resulting condensate settles into the powder thereby altering the quality of unconsolidated powder. This study investigates the intricate relationship between alloy composition, vapor pressure, and condensate ring thickness as seen in a two-dimensional micrograph.