Central nervous system processing of emotions in children with nocturnal enuresis and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Aim: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common in childhood. We analysed the central processing of emotions in children with NE, ADHD, NE + ADHD and controls.

Methods: We examined 13 children with NE, 13 with ADHD, 14 with NE + ADHD and 14 controls.

Toilet refusal syndrome in preschool children: do different subtypes exist?

Objectives: Toilet refusal syndrome (TRS) is a common, benign disorder in toddlers defined by the use of diapers and refusal of toilet for defaecation, but has not been described systematically in preschool children yet. The aim of the study was to analyse and identify possible subgroups of TRS.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of all of the consecutive children with TRS presented as outpatients in a clinic for elimination disorders.