Foliar sorption of emerging and priority contaminants under controlled conditions.

Agricultural irrigation water contains a variety of contaminants that can be introduced into the food chain through intake by irrigated crops. This paper describes an experiment under controlled conditions designed to simulate sprinkle irrigation with polluted water at two different relative humidities (40 and 90%). Specifically, shed lettuce-heart leaves were spiked with an aqueous solution containing organic microcontaminants, including pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, and carbamazepine), fragrances (tonalide), biocides (triclosan), insecticides (lindane), herbicides (atrazine), phenolic estrogen (bisphenol A), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and pyrene).

Uptake of microcontaminants by crops irrigated with reclaimed water and groundwater under real field greenhouse conditions.

The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation has emerged as a new strategy for coping with water scarcity in semiarid countries. However, the incorporation of the organic microcontaminants in such water into the diet through crop uptake poses a potential risk to human health. This paper aims to assess the presence of organic microcontaminants in different crops irrigated with groundwater and reclaimed water (secondary or tertiary effluents) in a greenhouse experiment.

Analytical procedures for the determination of emerging organic contaminants in plant material: a review.

In this review, recent developments for the determination of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in plant tissues are discussed focusing on the homogenization, extraction and determination steps involved. Eleven classes of EOCs, namely antibiotics, analgesics, antiepileptics, antidepressants, antiseptics, plasticizers, fragrances, surfactants, flame retardants, and phenoxy acid herbicides, have been evaluated. Methods are critically reviewed in terms of all the analytical steps involved in the analysis, sampling and sample preparation, separation, and the detection strategies employed.

Uptake of organic emergent contaminants in spath and lettuce: an in vitro experiment.

Although a myriad of organic microcontaminants may occur in irrigation waters, little attention has been paid to their incorporation in crops. In this work, a systematic approach to assess the final fate of both ionizable and neutral organic contaminants taken up by plants is described. In vitro uptake of triclosan (TCS), hydrocinnamic acid (HCA), tonalide (TON), ibuprofen (IBF), naproxen (NPX), and clofibric acid (CFA) were studied in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L) and spath ( Spathiphyllum spp.

Occurrence and potential crop uptake of emerging contaminants and related compounds in an agricultural irrigation network.

Emerging contaminants have received much attention in recent years due to their presence in surface waters, but little attention has been paid to their occurrence in agricultural irrigation waters. This study investigated the occurrence of these compounds in an agricultural irrigation network in northeastern Spain and, for the first time, using two plant uptake models, estimated the concentration of selected micropollutants in crops. The concentration of micropollutants in agricultural irrigation waters ranged from 10 to 5130 ng L(-1) and exhibited some attenuation over the course of the irrigation network.

Development of an analytical procedure for the determination of emerging and priority organic pollutants in leafy vegetables by pressurized solvent extraction followed by GC-MS determination.

A new multiresidue method for the determination of 13 emerging and priority pollutants in lettuce, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenolic estrogens, has been developed using matrix solid-phase dispersion combined to pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry determination. A sequential optimization strategy based on solvent optimization first, followed by experimental design, was performed in order to maximize target analyte extraction with the aid of response surface methodology. Firstly, a full factorial design was applied to choose the significant variables in PFE; extraction time and temperature were found to have the biggest overall effect on response for most of analytes.