Short-duration treatment with the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 does not protect axonal transport in an in vivo model of traumatic axonal injury.

Traumatic axonal injury is characterized by early cytoskeletal proteolysis and disruption of axonal transport. Calpain inhibition has been shown to protect axons in rodent models of traumatic brain injury. However, in these models, both white and gray matter are injured, making it difficult to determine if calpain inhibitors are directly protecting injured axons.

Comparison of the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on in situ and invasive ductal breast cancer.

Little is known about the etiology of in situ ductal breast cancer (DCIS) or what influences its possible progression to invasive ductal disease. Comparison of risk factors for DCIS and invasive ductal cancer may throw some light on these issues. We estimated relative risks for DCIS and invasive ductal breast cancer according to 12 genetic and eight environmental risk factors among 1.

Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy.

Background: Although breast cancer risk is greater in users of estrogen-progestin than estrogen-only formulations of menopausal hormonal therapy, reports on their effects have been somewhat inconsistent. We investigated whether the timing of these therapies affected breast cancer incidence.

Methods: A total of 1,129,025 postmenopausal UK women provided prospective information on hormonal therapy use and other factors relevant for breast cancer risk.

RAPID INDUCTION OF HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION IN A BIOLOGICALLY COMPATIBLE COOLANT.

Hypothermia is gaining recognition as an important medical treatment. To treat local cases of injury such as stroke, or certain surgical procedures, there is a need to induce local hypothermia. To treat shock or cardiac arrest survivors, there is a need to rapidly induce global hypothermia.

Incidence of breast cancer and its subtypes in relation to individual and multiple low-penetrance genetic susceptibility loci.

Context: There is limited evidence on how the risk of breast cancer and its subtypes depend on low-penetrance susceptibility loci, individually or in combination.

Objective: To analyze breast cancer risk, overall and by tumor subtype, in relation to 14 individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously linked to the disease, and in relation to a polygenic risk score.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Study of 10,306 women with breast cancer (mean age at diagnosis, 58 years) and 10,393 women without breast cancer who in 2005-2008 provided blood samples for genotyping in a large prospective study of UK women; and meta-analysis of these results and of other published results.

Gene-environment interactions in 7610 women with breast cancer: prospective evidence from the Million Women Study.

Background: Information is scarce about the combined effects on breast cancer incidence of low-penetrance genetic susceptibility polymorphisms and environmental factors (reproductive, behavioural, and anthropometric risk factors for breast cancer). To test for evidence of gene-environment interactions, we compared genotypic relative risks for breast cancer across the other risk factors in a large UK prospective study.

Methods: We tested gene-environment interactions in 7610 women who developed breast cancer and 10 196 controls without the disease, studying the effects of 12 polymorphisms (FGFR2-rs2981582, TNRC9-rs3803662, 2q35-rs13387042, MAP3K1-rs889312, 8q24-rs13281615, 2p-rs4666451, 5p12-rs981782, CASP8-rs1045485, LSP1-rs3817198, 5q-rs30099, TGFB1-rs1982073, and ATM-rs1800054) in relation to prospectively collected information about ten established environmental risk factors (age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, menopausal status, age at menopause, use of hormone replacement therapy, body-mass index, height, and alcohol consumption).

Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of central nervous system tumours in the Million Women Study.

We examined the relation between the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) tumours in a large prospective study of 1,147,894 postmenopausal women. Women were aged 56.6 years on average at entry, and HRT use was recorded at recruitment and updated, where possible, about 3 years later.

Reproductive history and pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women.

There is inconsistent evidence about the effect of reproductive history on women's risk of pancreatic cancer. In the Million Women Study, a prospective cohort of middle-aged women in the United Kingdom, we examined associations between reproductive history and pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality, controlling for age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, body mass index, smoking, and history of diabetes. During 7.

Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study.

Objective: To examine the relation between body mass index (kg/m2) and cancer incidence and mortality.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Participants: 1.

Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study.

Background: Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK, with about 6700 developing the malignancy and 4600 dying from it every year. However, there is limited information about the risk of ovarian cancer associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Methods: 948,576 postmenopausal women from the UK Million Women Study who did not have previous cancer or bilateral oophorectomy were followed-up for an average of 5.

Hormonal therapy for menopause and breast-cancer risk by histological type: a cohort study and meta-analysis.

Background: Little information is available on how the risk of breast cancer associated with the use of hormone therapy for menopause varies by histological type. We aimed to describe such associations for eight histological types of breast cancer.

Methods: Analyses are based on 1 031 224 postmenopausal women recruited in 1996-2001 into a nationwide UK cohort study, and followed for incident cancer and death.

Breast cancer histological classification: agreement between the Office for National Statistics and the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies rely on data supplied by central cancer registration sources to be timely, accurate and complete. Validation studies of such data at a national level are limited. Data collected for the Million Women Study was used to compare the level of agreement between the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) in the recording of incident screen-detected breast cancer histology between 1996 and 2001.

Hormone replacement therapy and false positive recall in the Million Women Study: patterns of use, hormonal constituents and consistency of effect.

Introduction: Current and recent users of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have an increased risk of being recalled to assessment at mammography without breast cancer being diagnosed ('false positive recall'), but there is limited information on the effects of different patterns of HRT use on this. The aim of this study is to investigate in detail the relationship between patterns of use of HRT and false positive recall.

Methods: A total of 87,967 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years attending routine breast cancer screening at 10 UK National Health Service Breast Screening Units from 1996 to 1998 joined the Million Women Study by completing a questionnaire before screening and were followed for their screening outcome.

Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study.

Background: Postmenopausal women who use hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) containing oestrogen alone are at increased risk of endometrial cancer. To minimise this risk, many HRT users who have not had a hysterectomy use combined oestrogen-progestagen preparations or tibolone. Limited information is available on the incidence of endometrial cancer in users of these therapies.

Risk of breast cancer after miscarriage or induced abortion: a Scottish record linkage case-control study.

Study Objective: To assess the risk of breast cancer in patients with a previous history of miscarriage or induced abortion.

Design: Case-control study relating "exposure" to outcome by linkage of national hospital discharge and maternity records, the national cancer registry, and death records.

Setting: Scotland.

Influence of personal characteristics of individual women on sensitivity and specificity of mammography in the Million Women Study: cohort study.

Objectives: To examine how lifestyle, hormonal, and other factors influence the sensitivity and specificity of mammography.

Methods: Women recruited into the Million Women Study completed a questionnaire about various personal factors before routine mammographic screening. A sample of 122,355 women aged 50-64 years were followed for outcome of screening and incident breast cancer in the next 12 months.

Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83?000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries.

Background: The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the possible relation between breast cancer and previous spontaneous and induced abortions.

Methods: Data on individual women from 53 studies undertaken in 16 countries with liberal abortion laws were checked and analysed centrally. Relative risks of breast cancer--comparing the effects of having had a pregnancy that ended as an abortion with those of never having had that pregnancy--were calculated, stratified by study, age at diagnosis, parity, and age at first birth.

Comparison of various characteristics of women who do and do not attend for breast cancer screening.

Background: Information regarding the characteristics and health of women who do and do not attend for breast cancer screening is limited and representative data are difficult to obtain.

Methods: Information on age, deprivation and prescriptions for various medications was obtained for all women at two UK general practices who were invited to breast cancer screening through the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. The characteristics of women who attended and did not attend screening were compared.